What is a sentence?
A sentence is the punishment a judge or magistrate decides should be given to someone who has been convicted of a crime. It comes at the end of a prosecution.
When a crime is committed and the police arrest and charge someone, the Crown Prosecution Service decides whether or not to take them to court.
If the person is prosecuted, they become a defendant in court. If they either plead guilty or are found guilty by magistrates or, for more serious offences, a jury, they become an offender and will be sentenced by the court.
The judge or magistrates look at the facts of the case and decide the appropriate sentence based on the harm done to the victim and how much responsibility the offender has for the crime. The sentence imposed on an offender should reflect the crime they have committed and be proportionate to the seriousness of the offence. It is up to the judge or magistrates to decide how much weight to give each factor in the case they are dealing with.
What are sentences for?
One of the aims of sentencing is to punish the offender for the crime they have committed. There are other important aims such as preventing crime happening in the future so more people don’t become victims of the same offender.
There are five purposes of sentencing the courts must bear in mind when dealing with the vast majority of adult offenders. These purposes are set out in s.57 of the Sentencing Code.
- To punish the offender – this can include going to prison, doing unpaid work in the community, obeying a curfew or paying a fine.
- To reduce crime – by preventing the offender from committing more crime, and putting others off from committing similar offences.
- To reform and rehabilitate offenders – changing an offender’s behaviour to prevent future crime, for example by requiring them to have treatment for drug addiction or alcohol abuse.
- To protect the public – from the offender and from the risk of more crimes being committed by them. This could be by putting them in prison, restricting their activities or supervision by probation.
- To make the offender give something back – for example, by the payment of compensation or through restorative justice. Restorative justice gives victims the chance to tell offenders about the impact of their crime and receive an apology.
How do judges and magistrates weigh up the five purposes of sentencing?
When considering a sentence, as well as bearing in mind the five purposes of sentencing, the judge or magistrates must refer to the law, including the maximum and, in some cases, minimum sentence and any sentencing guidelines relevant to the offence that has been committed. The sentencing guidelines set out the process judges and magistrates should follow and the factors they should consider to work out the appropriate sentence.
The factors taken into account will vary depending on the facts of each individual case but, because the judge or magistrates will be following the sentencing guidelines, they will take a consistent approach. The kind of factors the judge or magistrates will consider will include seriousness of the offence, harm caused to the victim, the offender’s level of blame, their criminal record, their personal circumstances and whether they have pleaded guilty. These factors may be relevant in determining the type of sentence as well as how long it might be and the type and number of requirements that might be imposed.
This short video gives an overview of the kinds of factors that influence a sentence (or you could read the transcript).
You can also find information about sentencing on GOV.UK.
Understanding Sentencing Guidelines
Sentencing guidelines are a set of standards that are generally put in place to establish rational and consistent sentencing practices within a particular jurisdiction. To better understand sentencing guidelines, it is important to understand a little bit about what preceded them.
Prior to the creation and development of sentencing guidelines, all states had a system of indeterminate sentencing. Under that system, the legislature defined criminal conduct and established high maximum sentences. Judges had almost complete discretion to impose any sentence up to the statutory maximum, and rather than pronounce a sentence with a specified prison term, the court would pronounce a range of time (e.g., 0-10 years). Parole boards had broad discretion to determine how much of any prison sentence had to be served. Indeterminate sentencing then, was a system in which the sentence was not fixed; rather it was subject to discretion at many points such that the true sentence could not be known until it had been fully served. Moreover, sentences for similarly situation offenders could vary.
In the 1970s, many states began moving towards a system of determinate sentencing. Determinate sentencing means that the sentence is a fixed term. It is either not subject to discretion or is subject to a lesser degree of discretion than under indeterminate sentencing. For example, in Minnesota, the Guidelines establish the presumptive prison range, and state law requires that offenders serve two-thirds of the pronounced prison term in prison and one-third on post-prison supervised release, subject to any disciplinary infractions while in prison.1 Thus, in a determinate sentencing system like this, both the offender and victim have a good idea of how much time the offender will actually serve when the sentence is pronounced.
Sentencing guidelines are one mechanism that can be used to implement determinate sentencing. Sentencing guidelines are a system of recommended sentences based upon offense and offender characteristics.
- Offense Characteristics: Most guidelines systems have rules for ranking the seriousness of offenses. This ranking is typically based on how the crime is defined by the legislature, not on how a particular offender committed a particular crime. For example, theft of an unoccupied building would be ranked as less serious than assault with a weapon.
- Offender Characteristics: Offender characteristics are things that are unique to a particular offender. Examples include the number and type of prior offenses (i.e., felonies, misdemeanors, juvenile adjudications) or whether the offender was under a custody status at the time of the offense (e.g., probation or jail).
The offense and offender characteristics are then placed on a sentencing grid or are assigned points on a worksheet, and the recommended sentence is derived from those sources. The recommended sentences are generally believed to be appropriate for all “typical” cases sharing the same or similar offense and offender characteristics.
Most sentencing guidelines systems also allow for departure sentences. A departure is simply a sentence that is something other than the sentence recommended under the guidelines. It may be harsher than called for in the guidelines (e.g., imposing prison when the guidelines call for probation, or imposing a longer prison sentence than recommended) or it may be less harsh than called for in the guidelines (e.g., imposing probation when the guidelines recommend prison, or imposing a shorter prison sentence than recommended). If the crime or the offender is truly “atypical,” meaning there is something about the way this crime was committed or about the particular offender that is different enough from a typical case of this type, then a departure sentence may be more appropriate than the recommended sentence.
Sentencing guidelines systems can typically be characterized by one or more of the following goals and purposes:
- Rational and Consistent Sentencing Standards: Sentencing decisions should be well-reasoned, and based on clearly-articulated sentencing standards that are consistently used by the judiciary in sentencing.
- Proportionality: Punishment severity should generally be proportionate to the seriousness of the offense, while taking into account the unique characteristics of each case.
- Uniformity: Similar offenders who commit similar crimes should receive similar sentences.
- Ensuring Public Safety: The recommended punishments should serve public safety by ensuring that violent offenders are recommended to prison and that the recommended punishments address not only the punishment the offender deserves, but also the punishment that will aid in the offender’s rehabilitation and reintegration with society.
Additionally, when sentencing is implemented uniformly, as under sentencing guidelines, the resulting sentences are fairly predictable and jurisdictions can begin to use that information to forecast and manage correctional resources. By tracking both recommended guidelines sentences and actual sentencing decisions, a jurisdictions can create a rich data set from which it can develop a long-term forecasting model or gauge the impact of pending legislation or guidelines modifications.
Which Guidelines Systems are Included in the Resource Center
The primary goal of the Sentencing Guidelines Resource Center is to provide information and materials related to American sentencing guidelines systems. In constructing this Resource Center we have looked at the nature and function of sentencing rules to determine which jurisdictions have sentencing guidelines. We have not solely relied upon the terminology used in each jurisdiction (for example, Alabama refers to its rules as “standards” rather than “guidelines”).
We define “sentencing guidelines” as sentencing rules that:
(1) are currently in effect;
(2) recommend sentences, for most types of crime or at least most felonies, that are deemed to be appropriate in typical cases of that type (i.e., cases that do not present aggravating or mitigating factors that might permit departure from the recommendation);
(3) were developed by a legislatively-created sentencing commission (regardless of whether the rules are embodied in statutes, and even if the sentencing commission ceased to exist at some point after the guidelines went into effect); and that
(4) judges are legally required to consider (even if the judge is then free to ignore the applicable recommendation), or that it appears judges are considering even if they are not required to.
Applying these rules, the Resource Center does not currently include in its definition of sentencing guidelines jurisdictions:
- States that formerly had but then repealed guidelines meeting these rules (Louisiana, Missouri, and Wisconsin).
- Statutory structured- sentencing systems, like those in Alaska and California, which were constructed and implemented without input from a sentencing commission.
However, when in doubt we have chosen to be more rather than less inclusive.. For example, Florida represents a borderline case because its commission-drafted guidelines were replaced in 1998 with statutory presumptive minimum sentences. We included this state because its current punishment code carries over elements of the former commission-drafted guidelines system. We also chose to include Massachusetts, even though its detailed commission-drafted guidelines have not received legislative approval, because it appears that judges generally follow the commission’s recommended sentences, and the sentencing commission has recently been re-established.
To summarize, the following state and federal systems are included in this Resource Center and are deemed to be sentencing guidelines systems:
Alabama | Maryland | Pennsylvania |
Arkansas | Massachusetts | Tennessee |
Delaware | Michigan | Utah |
District of Columbia | Minnesota | Virginia |
Federal (U.S. courts) | North Carolina | Washington |
Florida | Ohio | |
Kansas | Oregon |
The Center also provides more limited information about a few states that have a commission authorized to study and make recommendations on sentencing issues, but with no current mandate to develop guidelines. These states are included because they have current, active sentencing commissions, but they are not considered sentencing guidelines jurisdictions.