This section describes the functions that can be used to manipulate temporal values. See Section 11.2, “Date and Time Data Types”, for a description of the range of values each date and time type has and the valid formats in which values may be specified.
Here is an example that uses date functions. The following query selects all rows with a
date_col
value from within the last 30 days:
The query also selects rows with dates that lie in the future.
Functions that expect date values usually accept datetime values and ignore the time part. Functions that expect time values usually accept datetime values and ignore the date part.
Functions that return the current date or time each are evaluated only once per query at the start of query execution. This means that multiple references to a function
such as NOW()
within a single query always produce the same result. (For our purposes, a single query also includes a call to a stored program (stored routine, trigger, or event) and all subprograms called by that program.) This principle also applies to CURDATE()
, CURTIME()
, UTC_DATE()
, UTC_TIME()
,
UTC_TIMESTAMP()
, and to any of their synonyms.
ADDDATE(date
,INTERVAL expr
unit
)
,
ADDDATE(expr
,days
)
When invoked with the INTERVAL
form of the second argument, ADDDATE()
is a synonym for
DATE_ADD()
. The related function SUBDATE()
is a synonym for DATE_SUB()
. For information on the INTERVAL
unit
argument, see Temporal Intervals.
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2008-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY);
-> '2008-02-02'
mysql> SELECT ADDDATE('2008-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY);
-> '2008-02-02'
When invoked with the days
form of the second argument, MySQL treats it as an integer number of days to be added to expr
.
mysql> SELECT ADDDATE('2008-01-02', 31);
-> '2008-02-02'
ADDTIME(expr1
,expr2
)
ADDTIME()
adds expr2
to expr1
and returns the result. expr1
is a time or datetime expression, and expr2
is a time expression.
mysql> SELECT ADDTIME('2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999', '1 1:1:1.000002');
-> '2008-01-02 01:01:01.000001'
mysql> SELECT ADDTIME('01:00:00.999999', '02:00:00.999998');
-> '03:00:01.999997'
CONVERT_TZ(dt
,from_tz
,to_tz
)
CONVERT_TZ()
converts a datetime value dt
from the time zone given by
from_tz
to the time zone given by to_tz
and returns the resulting value. Time zones are specified as described in Section 5.1.13, “MySQL Server Time Zone Support”. This function returns NULL
if the arguments are invalid.
If the value falls out of the supported range of the
TIMESTAMP
type when converted from from_tz
to UTC, no conversion occurs. The TIMESTAMP
range is described in
Section 11.2.1, “Date and Time Data Type Syntax”.
mysql> SELECT CONVERT_TZ('2004-01-01 12:00:00','GMT','MET');
-> '2004-01-01 13:00:00'
mysql> SELECT CONVERT_TZ('2004-01-01 12:00:00','+00:00','+10:00');
-> '2004-01-01 22:00:00'
CURDATE()
Returns the current date as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD
'
or
YYYYMMDD
format, depending on whether the function is used in string or numeric context.
mysql> SELECT CURDATE();
-> '2008-06-13'
mysql> SELECT CURDATE() + 0;
-> 20080613
CURRENT_DATE
, CURRENT_DATE()
CURRENT_DATE
and CURRENT_DATE()
are synonyms for CURDATE()
.
CURRENT_TIME
, CURRENT_TIME([fsp
])
CURRENT_TIME
and
CURRENT_TIME()
are synonyms for CURTIME()
.
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
,
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP([fsp
])
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()
are synonyms for
NOW()
.
CURTIME([fsp
])
Returns the current time as a value in 'hh:mm:ss'
or hhmmss
format, depending on whether the function is used in string or numeric
context. The value is expressed in the session time zone.
If the fsp
argument is given to specify a fractional seconds precision from 0 to 6, the return value includes a fractional seconds part of that many digits.
mysql> SELECT CURTIME();
-> '23:50:26'
mysql> SELECT CURTIME() + 0;
-> 235026.000000
DATE(expr
)
Extracts the date part of the date or
datetime expression expr
.
mysql> SELECT DATE('2003-12-31 01:02:03');
-> '2003-12-31'
DATEDIFF(expr1
,expr2
)
DATEDIFF()
returns expr1
− expr2
expressed as a value in days from one
date to the other. expr1
and expr2
are date or date-and-time expressions. Only the date parts of the values are used in the calculation.
mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2007-12-31 23:59:59','2007-12-30');
-> 1
mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2010-11-30 23:59:59','2010-12-31');
-> -31
DATE_ADD(date
,INTERVAL expr
unit
)
,
DATE_SUB(date
,INTERVAL expr
unit
)
These functions perform date arithmetic. The date
argument specifies the starting date or datetime value. expr
is an expression specifying the interval value to be added or subtracted from the starting date.
expr
is evaluated as a string; it may start with a -
for negative intervals. unit
is a keyword indicating the units in which the expression should be interpreted.
For more information about temporal interval syntax, including a full list of unit
specifiers, the expected form of the expr
argument for each unit
value, and rules for operand interpretation in temporal arithmetic, see
Temporal Intervals.
The return value depends on the arguments:
DATE
if the date
argument is a
DATE
value and your calculations involve only YEAR
, MONTH
, and DAY
parts (that is, no time parts).
DATETIME
if the first argument is a
DATETIME
(or TIMESTAMP
) value, or if the first argument is a DATE
and the
unit
value uses HOURS
, MINUTES
, or SECONDS
.
String otherwise.
To ensure that the result is DATETIME
, you can use CAST()
to convert the first argument to
DATETIME
.
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2018-05-01',INTERVAL 1 DAY);
-> '2018-05-02'
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2018-05-01',INTERVAL 1 YEAR);
-> '2017-05-01'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2020-12-31 23:59:59',
-> INTERVAL 1 SECOND);
-> '2021-01-01 00:00:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2018-12-31 23:59:59',
-> INTERVAL 1 DAY);
-> '2019-01-01 23:59:59'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2100-12-31 23:59:59',
-> INTERVAL '1:1' MINUTE_SECOND);
-> '2101-01-01 00:01:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2025-01-01 00:00:00',
-> INTERVAL '1 1:1:1' DAY_SECOND);
-> '2024-12-30 22:58:59'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('1900-01-01 00:00:00',
-> INTERVAL '-1 10' DAY_HOUR);
-> '1899-12-30 14:00:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('1998-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY);
-> '1997-12-02'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('1992-12-31 23:59:59.000002',
-> INTERVAL '1.999999' SECOND_MICROSECOND);
-> '1993-01-01 00:00:01.000001'
DATE_FORMAT(date
,format
)
Formats the date
value according to the format
string.
The
specifiers shown in the following table may be used in the format
string. The %
character is required before format specifier characters. The specifiers apply to other functions as well: STR_TO_DATE()
, TIME_FORMAT()
,
UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
.
Specifier | Description |
---|
%a
| Abbreviated weekday name (Sun ..Sat )
|
%b
| Abbreviated month name (Jan ..Dec )
|
%c
| Month, numeric (0 ..12 )
|
%D
| Day of the month with English suffix (0th , 1st , 2nd , 3rd , …)
|
%d
| Day of the month, numeric (00 ..31 )
|
%e
| Day of the month, numeric (0 ..31 )
|
%f
| Microseconds (000000 ..999999 )
|
%H
| Hour (00 ..23 )
|
%h
| Hour (01 ..12 )
|
%I
| Hour (01 ..12 )
|
%i
| Minutes, numeric (00 ..59 )
|
%j
| Day of year (001 ..366 )
|
%k
| Hour (0 ..23 )
|
%l
| Hour (1 ..12 )
|
%M
| Month name (January ..December )
|
%m
| Month, numeric (00 ..12 )
|
%p
| AM or PM
|
%r
| Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss followed by AM or PM )
|
%S
| Seconds (00 ..59 )
|
%s
| Seconds (00 ..59 )
|
%T
| Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss )
|
%U
| Week (00 ..53 ), where Sunday is the first day of the week; WEEK() mode 0
|
%u
| Week (00 ..53 ), where Monday is the first day of the week; WEEK() mode 1
|
%V
| Week (01 ..53 ), where Sunday is the first day of the week; WEEK() mode 2; used with %X
|
%v
| Week (01 ..53 ), where Monday is the first day of the week; WEEK() mode 3; used with %x
|
%W
| Weekday name (Sunday ..Saturday )
|
%w
| Day of the week (0 =Sunday..6 =Saturday)
|
%X
| Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %V
|
%x
| Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %v
|
%Y
| Year, numeric, four digits
|
%y
| Year, numeric (two digits)
|
%%
| A literal % character
|
%x
| x , for any “x ” not listed
above
|
Ranges for the month and day specifiers begin with zero due to the fact that MySQL permits the storing of incomplete dates such as '2014-00-00'
.
The language used for day and month names and abbreviations is controlled by the value of the lc_time_names
system variable
(Section 10.16, “MySQL Server Locale Support”).
For the %U
, %u
, %V
, and %v
specifiers, see the description of the WEEK()
function for information about the mode values. The mode affects how week numbering occurs.
DATE_FORMAT()
returns a string with a character set and collation given by character_set_connection
and collation_connection
so that it can return
month and weekday names containing non-ASCII characters.
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2009-10-04 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y');
-> 'Sunday October 2009'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2007-10-04 22:23:00', '%H:%i:%s');
-> '22:23:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1900-10-04 22:23:00',
-> '%D %y %a %d %m %b %j');
-> '4th 00 Thu 04 10 Oct 277'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00',
-> '%H %k %I %r %T %S %w');
-> '22 22 10 10:23:00 PM 22:23:00 00 6'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1999-01-01', '%X %V');
-> '1998 52'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2006-06-00', '%d');
-> '00'
DATE_SUB(date
,INTERVAL expr
unit
)
See the description for DATE_ADD()
.
DAY(date
)
DAY()
is a synonym for DAYOFMONTH()
.
DAYNAME(date
)
Returns the name of the weekday for date
. The language used for the name is controlled by the value of the lc_time_names
system variable
(Section 10.16, “MySQL Server Locale Support”).
mysql> SELECT DAYNAME('2007-02-03');
-> 'Saturday'
DAYOFMONTH(date
)
Returns the day of the month for date
, in the range 1
to
31
, or 0
for dates such as '0000-00-00'
or '2008-00-00'
that have a zero day part.
mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2007-02-03');
-> 3
DAYOFWEEK(date
)
Returns the weekday index for date
(1
= Sunday, 2
= Monday, …, 7
= Saturday). These index values correspond to the ODBC standard.
mysql> SELECT DAYOFWEEK('2007-02-03');
-> 7
DAYOFYEAR(date
)
Returns the day of the year for date
, in the range 1
to 366
.
mysql> SELECT DAYOFYEAR('2007-02-03');
-> 34
EXTRACT(unit
FROM
date
)
The EXTRACT()
function uses the same kinds of unit
specifiers as DATE_ADD()
or
DATE_SUB()
, but extracts parts from the date rather than performing date arithmetic. For information on the unit
argument, see Temporal Intervals.
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM '2019-07-02');
-> 2019
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM '2019-07-02 01:02:03');
-> 201907
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM '2019-07-02 01:02:03');
-> 20102
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECOND
-> FROM '2003-01-02 10:30:00.000123');
-> 123
FROM_DAYS(N
)
Given a day number N
, returns a DATE
value.
mysql> SELECT FROM_DAYS(730669);
-> '2000-07-03'
Use
FROM_DAYS()
with caution on old dates. It is not intended for use with values that precede the advent of the Gregorian calendar (1582). See Section 12.9, “What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?”.
FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp
[,format
])
Returns a representation of unix_timestamp
as a datetime or character string value. The value returned is expressed using the session time zone. (Clients can set the session time zone as described in
Section 5.1.13, “MySQL Server Time Zone Support”.) unix_timestamp
is an internal timestamp value representing seconds since '1970-01-01 00:00:00'
UTC, such as produced by the UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
function.
If format
is omitted, this
function returns a DATETIME
value.
If unix_timestamp
is an integer, the fractional seconds precision of the DATETIME
is zero. When unix_timestamp
is a decimal value, the fractional seconds precision of the DATETIME
is the same as the precision of the decimal value, up to a maximum of 6. When unix_timestamp
is a floating point number, the
fractional seconds precision of the datetime is 6.
format
is used to format the result in the same way as the format string used for the DATE_FORMAT()
function. If format
is supplied, the value returned is a VARCHAR
.
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1447430881);
-> '2015-11-13 10:08:01'
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1447430881) + 0;
-> 20151113100801
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1447430881,
-> '%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x');
-> '2015 13th November 10:08:01 2015'
Note
If you use UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
and FROM_UNIXTIME()
to convert between values in a non-UTC time zone and Unix timestamp values, the conversion is lossy because the mapping is not one-to-one in both directions. For details, see the description of the
UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
function.
GET_FORMAT({DATE|TIME|DATETIME},
{'EUR'|'USA'|'JIS'|'ISO'|'INTERNAL'})
Returns a format string. This function is useful in combination with the
DATE_FORMAT()
and the STR_TO_DATE()
functions.
The possible values for the first and second arguments result in several possible format strings (for the specifiers used, see the table in the
DATE_FORMAT()
function description). ISO format refers to ISO 9075, not ISO 8601.
Function Call | Result |
---|
GET_FORMAT(DATE,'USA')
| '%m.%d.%Y'
|
GET_FORMAT(DATE,'JIS')
| '%Y-%m-%d'
|
GET_FORMAT(DATE,'ISO')
| '%Y-%m-%d'
|
GET_FORMAT(DATE,'EUR')
| '%d.%m.%Y'
|
GET_FORMAT(DATE,'INTERNAL')
| '%Y%m%d'
|
GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,'USA')
| '%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s'
|
GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,'JIS')
| '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s'
|
GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,'ISO')
| '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s'
|
GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,'EUR')
| '%Y-%m-%d %H.%i.%s'
|
GET_FORMAT(DATETIME,'INTERNAL')
| '%Y%m%d%H%i%s'
|
GET_FORMAT(TIME,'USA')
| '%h:%i:%s %p'
|
GET_FORMAT(TIME,'JIS')
| '%H:%i:%s'
|
GET_FORMAT(TIME,'ISO')
| '%H:%i:%s'
|
GET_FORMAT(TIME,'EUR')
| '%H.%i.%s'
|
GET_FORMAT(TIME,'INTERNAL')
| '%H%i%s'
|
TIMESTAMP
can also be used as the first argument to GET_FORMAT()
, in which case the function returns the same values as for
DATETIME
.
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2003-10-03',GET_FORMAT(DATE,'EUR'));
-> '03.10.2003'
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('10.31.2003',GET_FORMAT(DATE,'USA'));
-> '2003-10-31'
HOUR(time
)
Returns the hour for time
. The range of the return value is 0
to 23
for time-of-day values.
However, the range of TIME
values actually is much larger, so HOUR
can return values greater than 23
.
mysql> SELECT HOUR('10:05:03');
-> 10
mysql> SELECT HOUR('272:59:59');
-> 272
LAST_DAY(date
)
Takes a date or datetime value and
returns the corresponding value for the last day of the month. Returns NULL
if the argument is invalid.
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2003-02-05');
-> '2003-02-28'
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2004-02-05');
-> '2004-02-29'
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2004-01-01 01:01:01');
-> '2004-01-31'
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2003-03-32');
-> NULL
LOCALTIME
, LOCALTIME([fsp
])
LOCALTIME
and LOCALTIME()
are synonyms for NOW()
.
LOCALTIMESTAMP
, LOCALTIMESTAMP([fsp
])
LOCALTIMESTAMP
and
LOCALTIMESTAMP()
are synonyms for NOW()
.
MAKEDATE(year
,dayofyear
)
Returns a date, given year and day-of-year values. dayofyear
must be greater than 0 or the result is NULL
.
mysql> SELECT MAKEDATE(2011,31), MAKEDATE(2011,32);
-> '2011-01-31', '2011-02-01'
mysql> SELECT MAKEDATE(2011,365), MAKEDATE(2014,365);
-> '2011-12-31', '2014-12-31'
mysql> SELECT MAKEDATE(2011,0);
-> NULL
MAKETIME(hour
,minute
,second
)
Returns a time value calculated from the hour
, minute
,
and second
arguments.
The second
argument can have a fractional part.
mysql> SELECT MAKETIME(12,15,30);
-> '12:15:30'
MICROSECOND(expr
)
Returns the microseconds from the time or datetime expression expr
as a number in the range from 0
to 999999
.
mysql> SELECT MICROSECOND('12:00:00.123456');
-> 123456
mysql> SELECT MICROSECOND('2019-12-31 23:59:59.000010');
-> 10
MINUTE(time
)
Returns the minute for time
, in the range 0
to 59
.
mysql> SELECT MINUTE('2008-02-03 10:05:03');
-> 5
MONTH(date
)
Returns the month for date
, in the range 1
to 12
for January to December, or 0
for dates such as '0000-00-00'
or '2008-00-00'
that have a zero month part.
mysql> SELECT MONTH('2008-02-03');
-> 2
MONTHNAME(date
)
Returns the full name of the month for
date
. The language used for the name is controlled by the value of the lc_time_names
system variable (Section 10.16, “MySQL Server Locale Support”).
mysql> SELECT MONTHNAME('2008-02-03');
-> 'February'
NOW([fsp
])
Returns the current date and time as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD
hh:mm:ss
'
or YYYYMMDDhhmmss
format, depending on whether the function is used in string or numeric context. The value is expressed in the session time zone.
If the fsp
argument is given to specify a fractional seconds precision from 0 to 6,
the return value includes a fractional seconds part of that many digits.
mysql> SELECT NOW();
-> '2007-12-15 23:50:26'
mysql> SELECT NOW() + 0;
-> 20071215235026.000000
NOW()
returns a constant time that indicates the time at which the statement began to execute. (Within a stored function or trigger, NOW()
returns the time at which the function or
triggering statement began to execute.) This differs from the behavior for SYSDATE()
, which returns the exact time at which it executes.
mysql> SELECT NOW(), SLEEP(2), NOW();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| NOW() | SLEEP(2) | NOW() |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2006-04-12 13:47:36 | 0 | 2006-04-12 13:47:36 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
mysql> SELECT SYSDATE(), SLEEP(2), SYSDATE();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| SYSDATE() | SLEEP(2) | SYSDATE() |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2006-04-12 13:47:44 | 0 | 2006-04-12 13:47:46 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
In addition, the SET TIMESTAMP
statement affects the value returned by NOW()
but not by
SYSDATE()
. This means that timestamp settings in the binary log have no effect on invocations of SYSDATE()
. Setting the timestamp to a nonzero value causes each subsequent invocation of
NOW()
to return that value. Setting the timestamp to zero cancels this effect so that NOW()
once again returns the current date and time.
See the description for
SYSDATE()
for additional information about the differences between the two functions.
PERIOD_ADD(P
,N
)
Adds N
months to period
P
(in the format YYMM
or YYYYMM
). Returns a value in the format YYYYMM
.
Note
The period argument P
is not a date value.
mysql> SELECT PERIOD_ADD(200801,2);
-> 200803
PERIOD_DIFF(P1
,P2
)
Returns the number of months between periods P1
and P2
. P1
and P2
should be in the format YYMM
or YYYYMM
. Note that the period arguments P1
and P2
are not date values.
mysql> SELECT PERIOD_DIFF(200802,200703);
-> 11
QUARTER(date
)
Returns the quarter of the year for date
, in the range 1
to 4
.
mysql> SELECT QUARTER('2008-04-01');
-> 2
SECOND(time
)
Returns the second for time
, in the range 0
to 59
.
mysql> SELECT SECOND('10:05:03');
-> 3
SEC_TO_TIME(seconds
)
Returns the seconds
argument, converted to hours, minutes, and seconds, as a TIME
value. The range of the result is constrained to that of the
TIME
data type. A warning occurs if the argument corresponds to a value outside that range.
mysql> SELECT SEC_TO_TIME(2378);
-> '00:39:38'
mysql> SELECT SEC_TO_TIME(2378) + 0;
-> 3938
STR_TO_DATE(str
,format
)
This is the inverse of the
DATE_FORMAT()
function. It takes a string str
and a format string format
. STR_TO_DATE()
returns a DATETIME
value if the format string contains both date and time parts, or a DATE
or TIME
value if the string contains only date or time parts. If the date, time, or datetime value extracted from str
is illegal,
STR_TO_DATE()
returns NULL
and produces a warning.
The server scans str
attempting to match format
to it. The format string can contain literal characters and format specifiers beginning with %
. Literal characters in format
must match literally in str
. Format specifiers in format
must match a date or
time part in str
. For the specifiers that can be used in format
, see the DATE_FORMAT()
function description.
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('01,5,2013','%d,%m,%Y');
-> '2013-05-01'
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('May 1, 2013','%M %d,%Y');
-> '2013-05-01'
Scanning starts at the beginning of str
and fails if format
is found not to match. Extra characters at the end of str
are ignored.
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('a09:30:17','a%h:%i:%s');
-> '09:30:17'
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('a09:30:17','%h:%i:%s');
-> NULL
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('09:30:17a','%h:%i:%s');
-> '09:30:17'
Unspecified date or time parts have a value of 0,
so incompletely specified values in str
produce a result with some or all parts set to 0:
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('abc','abc');
-> '0000-00-00'
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('9','%m');
-> '0000-09-00'
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('9','%s');
-> '00:00:09'
Range checking on the parts of date values is as described in Section 11.2.2, “The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types”. This means, for example, that “zero” dates or dates with part values of 0 are permitted
unless the SQL mode is set to disallow such values.
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('00/00/0000', '%m/%d/%Y');
-> '0000-00-00'
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('04/31/2004', '%m/%d/%Y');
-> '2004-04-31'
If the NO_ZERO_DATE
SQL mode is enabled, zero dates are disallowed. In that case, STR_TO_DATE()
returns NULL
and generates a warning:
mysql> SET sql_mode = '';
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('00/00/0000', '%m/%d/%Y');
+---------------------------------------+
| STR_TO_DATE('00/00/0000', '%m/%d/%Y') |
+---------------------------------------+
| 0000-00-00 |
+---------------------------------------+
mysql> SET sql_mode = 'NO_ZERO_DATE';
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('00/00/0000', '%m/%d/%Y');
+---------------------------------------+
| STR_TO_DATE('00/00/0000', '%m/%d/%Y') |
+---------------------------------------+
| NULL |
+---------------------------------------+
mysql> SHOW WARNINGS\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Level: Warning
Code: 1411
Message: Incorrect datetime value: '00/00/0000' for function str_to_date
Note
You cannot use format "%X%V"
to convert a
year-week string to a date because the combination of a year and week does not uniquely identify a year and month if the week crosses a month boundary. To convert a year-week to a date, you should also specify the weekday:
mysql> SELECT STR_TO_DATE('200442 Monday', '%X%V %W');
-> '2004-10-18'
SUBDATE(date
,INTERVAL expr
unit
)
,
SUBDATE(expr
,days
)
When invoked with the INTERVAL
form of the second argument, SUBDATE()
is a synonym for
DATE_SUB()
. For information on the INTERVAL
unit
argument, see the discussion for DATE_ADD()
.
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2008-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY);
-> '2007-12-02'
mysql> SELECT SUBDATE('2008-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY);
-> '2007-12-02'
The second form enables the use of an integer value for days
. In such cases, it is interpreted as the number of days to be subtracted
from the date or datetime expression expr
.
mysql> SELECT SUBDATE('2008-01-02 12:00:00', 31);
-> '2007-12-02 12:00:00'
SUBTIME(expr1
,expr2
)
SUBTIME()
returns expr1
− expr2
expressed as a value in
the same format as expr1
. expr1
is a time or datetime expression, and expr2
is a time expression.
mysql> SELECT SUBTIME('2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999','1 1:1:1.000002');
-> '2007-12-30 22:58:58.999997'
mysql> SELECT SUBTIME('01:00:00.999999', '02:00:00.999998');
-> '-00:59:59.999999'
SYSDATE([fsp
])
Returns the current date and time as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD
hh:mm:ss
'
or YYYYMMDDhhmmss
format, depending on whether the function
is used in string or numeric context.
If the fsp
argument is given to specify a fractional seconds precision from 0 to 6, the return value includes a fractional seconds part of that many digits.
SYSDATE()
returns the time at which it executes. This differs from the behavior for
NOW()
, which returns a constant time that indicates the time at which the statement began to execute. (Within a stored function or trigger, NOW()
returns the time at which the function or triggering statement began to execute.)
mysql> SELECT NOW(), SLEEP(2), NOW();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| NOW() | SLEEP(2) | NOW() |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2006-04-12 13:47:36 | 0 | 2006-04-12 13:47:36 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
mysql> SELECT SYSDATE(), SLEEP(2), SYSDATE();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| SYSDATE() | SLEEP(2) | SYSDATE() |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2006-04-12 13:47:44 | 0 | 2006-04-12 13:47:46 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
In addition, the SET TIMESTAMP
statement affects the value returned by NOW()
but not by SYSDATE()
. This means that timestamp settings in the binary log have no effect on invocations of
SYSDATE()
.
Because SYSDATE()
can return different values even within the same statement, and is not affected by SET TIMESTAMP
, it is nondeterministic and therefore unsafe for replication if statement-based binary logging is used. If that is a problem,
you can use row-based logging.
Alternatively, you can use the --sysdate-is-now
option to cause SYSDATE()
to be an alias for NOW()
. This works if the
option is used on both the source and the replica.
The nondeterministic nature of SYSDATE()
also means that indexes cannot be used for evaluating expressions that refer to it.
TIME(expr
)
Extracts the time part of the time or datetime expression expr
and returns it as a string.
This function is unsafe for statement-based replication. A warning is logged if you use this function when binlog_format
is set to STATEMENT
.
mysql> SELECT TIME('2003-12-31 01:02:03');
-> '01:02:03'
mysql> SELECT TIME('2003-12-31 01:02:03.000123');
-> '01:02:03.000123'
TIMEDIFF(expr1
,expr2
)
TIMEDIFF()
returns expr1
− expr2
expressed as a time value. expr1
and expr2
are time or date-and-time expressions, but both must be of the
same type.
The result returned by TIMEDIFF()
is limited to the range allowed for TIME
values. Alternatively, you can use either of the functions TIMESTAMPDIFF()
and
UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
, both of which return integers.
mysql> SELECT TIMEDIFF('2000:01:01 00:00:00',
-> '2000:01:01 00:00:00.000001');
-> '-00:00:00.000001'
mysql> SELECT TIMEDIFF('2008-12-31 23:59:59.000001',
-> '2008-12-30 01:01:01.000002');
-> '46:58:57.999999'
TIMESTAMP(expr
)
,
TIMESTAMP(expr1
,expr2
)
With a single argument, this function returns the date or datetime expression expr
as a datetime value. With two arguments, it adds the time expression expr2
to the date or datetime expression expr1
and returns the result as a
datetime value.
mysql> SELECT TIMESTAMP('2003-12-31');
-> '2003-12-31 00:00:00'
mysql> SELECT TIMESTAMP('2003-12-31 12:00:00','12:00:00');
-> '2004-01-01 00:00:00'
TIMESTAMPADD(unit
,interval
,datetime_expr
)
Adds the integer expression interval
to the date or datetime expression datetime_expr
. The unit for interval
is given by the unit
argument, which should be one of the
following values: MICROSECOND
(microseconds), SECOND
, MINUTE
, HOUR
, DAY
, WEEK
, MONTH
, QUARTER
, or YEAR
.
The unit
value may be specified using one of keywords as shown, or with a prefix of SQL_TSI_
. For example, DAY
and SQL_TSI_DAY
both are legal.
mysql> SELECT TIMESTAMPADD(MINUTE,1,'2003-01-02');
-> '2003-01-02 00:01:00'
mysql> SELECT TIMESTAMPADD(WEEK,1,'2003-01-02');
-> '2003-01-09'
TIMESTAMPDIFF(unit
,datetime_expr1
,datetime_expr2
)
Returns datetime_expr2
− datetime_expr1
, where datetime_expr1
and datetime_expr2
are date or datetime expressions. One expression may be a date and the other a datetime; a date value is treated as a datetime having
the time part '00:00:00'
where necessary. The unit for the result (an integer) is given by the unit
argument. The legal values for unit
are the same as those listed in the description of the TIMESTAMPADD()
function.
mysql> SELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(MONTH,'2003-02-01','2003-05-01');
-> 3
mysql> SELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,'2002-05-01','2001-01-01');
-> -1
mysql> SELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(MINUTE,'2003-02-01','2003-05-01 12:05:55');
-> 128885
Note
The order of the date or datetime arguments for this function is the opposite of that used with the
TIMESTAMP()
function when invoked with 2 arguments.
TIME_FORMAT(time
,format
)
This is used like the
DATE_FORMAT()
function, but the format
string may contain format specifiers only for hours, minutes, seconds, and microseconds. Other specifiers produce a NULL
value or 0
.
If the time
value contains an hour part that is greater than 23
, the %H
and %k
hour format specifiers produce a value larger than the usual range of
0..23
. The other hour format specifiers produce the hour value modulo 12.
mysql> SELECT TIME_FORMAT('100:00:00', '%H %k %h %I %l');
-> '100 100 04 04 4'
TIME_TO_SEC(time
)
Returns the time
argument, converted to seconds.
mysql> SELECT TIME_TO_SEC('22:23:00');
-> 80580
mysql> SELECT TIME_TO_SEC('00:39:38');
-> 2378
TO_DAYS(date
)
Given a date date
, returns a day number (the number of days since year 0).
mysql> SELECT TO_DAYS(950501);
-> 728779
mysql> SELECT TO_DAYS('2007-10-07');
-> 733321
TO_DAYS()
is not intended for use with values that precede the advent of the Gregorian calendar (1582),
because it does not take into account the days that were lost when the calendar was changed. For dates before 1582 (and possibly a later year in other locales), results from this function are not reliable. See Section 12.9, “What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?”, for details.
Remember that MySQL converts two-digit year values in dates to four-digit form
using the rules in Section 11.2, “Date and Time Data Types”. For example, '2008-10-07'
and '08-10-07'
are seen as identical dates:
mysql> SELECT TO_DAYS('2008-10-07'), TO_DAYS('08-10-07');
-> 733687, 733687
In MySQL, the zero date is defined as '0000-00-00'
, even though this date is itself considered invalid. This means that, for '0000-00-00'
and '0000-01-01'
,
TO_DAYS()
returns the values shown here:
mysql> SELECT TO_DAYS('0000-00-00');
+-----------------------+
| to_days('0000-00-00') |
+-----------------------+
| NULL |
+-----------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW WARNINGS;
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1292 | Incorrect datetime value: '0000-00-00' |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT TO_DAYS('0000-01-01');
+-----------------------+
| to_days('0000-01-01') |
+-----------------------+
| 1 |
+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
This is true whether or not the ALLOW_INVALID_DATES
SQL server mode is enabled.
TO_SECONDS(expr
)
Given a date or datetime expr
, returns the number of seconds since the year 0. If expr
is not a valid date or datetime value, returns NULL
.
mysql> SELECT TO_SECONDS(950501);
-> 62966505600
mysql> SELECT TO_SECONDS('2009-11-29');
-> 63426672000
mysql> SELECT TO_SECONDS('2009-11-29 13:43:32');
-> 63426721412
mysql> SELECT TO_SECONDS( NOW() );
-> 63426721458
Like TO_DAYS()
,
TO_SECONDS()
is not intended for use with values that precede the advent of the Gregorian calendar (1582), because it does not take into account the days that were lost when the calendar was changed. For dates before 1582 (and possibly a later year in other locales), results from this function are not reliable. See Section 12.9, “What Calendar Is
Used By MySQL?”, for details.
Like TO_DAYS()
, TO_SECONDS()
, converts two-digit year values in dates to four-digit form using the rules in Section 11.2, “Date and Time Data Types”.
In MySQL, the zero date is defined as '0000-00-00'
,
even though this date is itself considered invalid. This means that, for '0000-00-00'
and '0000-01-01'
, TO_SECONDS()
returns the values shown here:
mysql> SELECT TO_SECONDS('0000-00-00');
+--------------------------+
| TO_SECONDS('0000-00-00') |
+--------------------------+
| NULL |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW WARNINGS;
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1292 | Incorrect datetime value: '0000-00-00' |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT TO_SECONDS('0000-01-01');
+--------------------------+
| TO_SECONDS('0000-01-01') |
+--------------------------+
| 86400 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
This is true whether or not the ALLOW_INVALID_DATES
SQL server mode is enabled.
UNIX_TIMESTAMP([date
])
If UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
is called with no date
argument, it returns a Unix timestamp representing seconds since '1970-01-01
00:00:00'
UTC.
If
UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
is called with a date
argument, it returns the value of the argument as seconds since '1970-01-01 00:00:00'
UTC. The server interprets date
as a value in the session time zone and converts it to an internal Unix timestamp value in UTC. (Clients can set the session time zone as described in
Section 5.1.13, “MySQL Server Time Zone Support”.) The date
argument may be a DATE
,
DATETIME
, or TIMESTAMP
string, or a number in YYMMDD
, YYMMDDhhmmss
, YYYYMMDD
, or YYYYMMDDhhmmss
format. If the argument includes a time part, it may optionally include a fractional seconds part.
The return value is an integer if no argument is given or the argument does not include a fractional seconds part, or DECIMAL
if an argument is given that includes a fractional seconds part.
When the date
argument is a
TIMESTAMP
column, UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
returns the internal timestamp value directly, with no implicit “string-to-Unix-timestamp” conversion.
The valid range of argument values is the same as for the
TIMESTAMP
data type: '1970-01-01 00:00:01.000000'
UTC to '2038-01-19 03:14:07.999999'
UTC. If you pass an out-of-range date to UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
, it returns 0
.
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();
-> 1447431666
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2015-11-13 10:20:19');
-> 1447431619
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2015-11-13 10:20:19.012');
-> 1447431619.012
If you use
UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
and FROM_UNIXTIME()
to convert between values in a non-UTC time zone and Unix timestamp values, the conversion is lossy because the mapping is not one-to-one in both directions. For example, due to conventions for local time zone changes such as
Daylight Saving Time (DST), it is possible for UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
to map two values that are distinct in a non-UTC time zone to the same Unix timestamp value. FROM_UNIXTIME()
maps that value back to only one of the original values. Here is an example, using values that
are distinct in the MET
time zone:
mysql> SET time_zone = 'MET';
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2005-03-27 03:00:00');
+---------------------------------------+
| UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2005-03-27 03:00:00') |
+---------------------------------------+
| 1111885200 |
+---------------------------------------+
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2005-03-27 02:00:00');
+---------------------------------------+
| UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2005-03-27 02:00:00') |
+---------------------------------------+
| 1111885200 |
+---------------------------------------+
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1111885200);
+---------------------------+
| FROM_UNIXTIME(1111885200) |
+---------------------------+
| 2005-03-27 03:00:00 |
+---------------------------+
If you want to subtract UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
columns, you might want to cast them to signed integers. See Section 12.11, “Cast Functions and Operators”.
UTC_DATE
, UTC_DATE()
Returns the current UTC date as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD
'
or YYYYMMDD
format, depending on whether the function is used in string or numeric context.
mysql> SELECT UTC_DATE(), UTC_DATE() + 0;
-> '2003-08-14', 20030814
UTC_TIME
, UTC_TIME([fsp
])
Returns the current UTC time as a value in 'hh:mm:ss'
or hhmmss
format, depending on whether the function is used in string or
numeric context.
If the fsp
argument is given to specify a fractional seconds precision from 0 to 6, the return value includes a fractional seconds part of that many digits.
mysql> SELECT UTC_TIME(), UTC_TIME() + 0;
-> '18:07:53', 180753.000000
UTC_TIMESTAMP
,
UTC_TIMESTAMP([fsp
])
Returns the current UTC date and time as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD
hh:mm:ss
'
or YYYYMMDDhhmmss
format, depending on whether the function is used in string or numeric context.
If the fsp
argument is given to specify a fractional seconds precision from 0 to 6, the return value includes a
fractional seconds part of that many digits.
mysql> SELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP(), UTC_TIMESTAMP() + 0;
-> '2003-08-14 18:08:04', 20030814180804.000000
WEEK(date
[,mode
])
This function returns the week number for date
. The two-argument form of WEEK()
enables you to specify whether the week starts on Sunday or Monday and whether the return value should be in the range from 0
to 53
or from 1
to 53
. If the mode
argument is omitted, the value of the default_week_format
system variable is used. See
Section 5.1.7, “Server System Variables”.
The following table describes how the mode
argument works.
Mode | First day of week | Range | Week 1 is the first week … |
---|
0 | Sunday
| 0-53
| with a Sunday in this year
|
---|
1 | Monday
| 0-53
| with 4 or more days this year
|
---|
2 | Sunday
| 1-53
| with a Sunday in this year
|
---|
3 | Monday
| 1-53
| with 4 or more days this year
|
---|
4 | Sunday
| 0-53
| with 4 or more days this year
|
---|
5 | Monday
| 0-53
| with a Monday in this year
|
---|
6 | Sunday
| 1-53
| with 4 or more days this year
|
---|
7 | Monday
| 1-53
| with a Monday in this year
|
---|
For mode
values with a meaning of “with 4 or more days this year,” weeks are numbered according to ISO 8601:1988:
If the week containing January 1 has 4 or more days in the new year, it is week 1.
Otherwise, it is the last week of the previous year, and the next week is week 1.
mysql> SELECT WEEK('2008-02-20');
-> 7
mysql> SELECT WEEK('2008-02-20',0);
-> 7
mysql> SELECT WEEK('2008-02-20',1);
-> 8
mysql> SELECT WEEK('2008-12-31',1);
-> 53
If a date falls in the last week of the previous year, MySQL returns 0
if you do not use 2
, 3
, 6
, or 7
as the optional mode
argument:
mysql> SELECT YEAR('2000-01-01'), WEEK('2000-01-01',0);
-> 2000, 0
One might argue that WEEK()
should return 52
because the given date actually occurs in the 52nd week of 1999. WEEK()
returns 0
instead so
that the return value is “the week number in the given year.” This makes use of the WEEK()
function reliable when combined with other functions that extract a date part from a date.
If you prefer a result evaluated with respect to the year that contains the first day of the week for the given date, use 0
, 2
, 5
, or 7
as
the optional mode
argument.
mysql> SELECT WEEK('2000-01-01',2);
-> 52
Alternatively, use the YEARWEEK()
function:
mysql> SELECT YEARWEEK('2000-01-01');
-> 199952
mysql> SELECT MID(YEARWEEK('2000-01-01'),5,2);
-> '52'
WEEKDAY(date
)
Returns the weekday index for date
(0
= Monday, 1
= Tuesday, … 6
= Sunday).
mysql> SELECT WEEKDAY('2008-02-03 22:23:00');
-> 6
mysql> SELECT WEEKDAY('2007-11-06');
-> 1
WEEKOFYEAR(date
)
Returns the calendar week of the date as a number in the range from 1
to 53
.
WEEKOFYEAR()
is a compatibility function that is equivalent to WEEK(date
,3)
.
mysql> SELECT WEEKOFYEAR('2008-02-20');
-> 8
YEAR(date
)
Returns the year for date
, in the range 1000
to 9999
, or 0
for the “zero” date.
mysql> SELECT YEAR('1987-01-01');
-> 1987
YEARWEEK(date
)
, YEARWEEK(date
,mode
)
Returns year and week for a date. The year in the result may be different from the year in the date argument for the first and the last week of the year.
The mode
argument works exactly like the mode
argument to WEEK()
. For the single-argument syntax, a mode
value of 0 is used. Unlike WEEK()
, the value of
default_week_format
does not influence YEARWEEK()
.
mysql> SELECT YEARWEEK('1987-01-01');
-> 198652
The week number is different from what the WEEK()
function would return (0
) for
optional arguments 0
or 1
, as WEEK()
then returns the week in the context of the given year.