| A | B |
|---|
| is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.
| Personality
|
| The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to which of the following?
| Psychoanalytic theory
|
| Suppose your friend is telling you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the urge to go out and have fun?
| Id
|
| The id is exclusively _____.
| unconscious
|
| According to Freud, the must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego.
| ego
|
| A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world is called what?
| Personality
|
| Which theorist most strongly suggested that unconscious processes influence personality?
| Sigmund Freud
|
| In psychoanalytic theory, the superego's job is to do which of the following?
| Evaluate the morality of our behavior
|
| Your friend went out to drink last night, even though he knew he should have stayed in and studied for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is causing the guilt he felt afterward?
| Superego
|
| What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?
| To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
|
| What are an individual's unconscious drives and reservoir of sexual energy called?
| Id
|
| Pushing unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind is called _____.
| repression
|
| According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ deals with reality.
| ego
|
| is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.
| personality
|
| Which of the following is NOT one of the psychosexual stages outlined by Freud?
| unconscious
|
| psychosexual stages by Freud
| oral, anal, genital
|
| You know you are about to do something your parents would not approve of. In other words, your _____ is warning you not to do something.
| superego
|
| Defense mechanisms are an example of _____ processes.
| unconscious
|
| The purpose of using repression is to push unacceptable impulses back into the unconscious mind.
| Id
|
| Freud's first stage of psychosexual development, beginning at birth, is the stage.
| oral
|
| According to Freud, the must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego.
| ego
|
| Around what age does the anal stage begin?
| 18 to 36 months
|
| In psychoanalytic theory, the superego's job is to do which of the following?
| Evaluate the morality of our behavior
|
| What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?
| To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
|
| According to Freud, the Oedipus complex is which of the following?
| A young boy's desire to replace his father so he can enjoy his mother's affections
|
| According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, toddlers' erogenous zones (at age 18–36 months) are centered around which of the following?
| anus
|
| Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it?
| Adler
|
| Some critics state that psychodynamic theory overemphasizes _____ and does not acknowledge the capacity for change throughout life.
| early family experiences
|
| You know you are about to do something your parents would not approve of. In other words, your _____ is warning you not to do something.
| superego
|
| Defense mechanisms are an example of _____ processes.
| unconscious
|
| The Oedipus complex is typically resolved by the child _____. (Select all that apply.)
| identifying as a member of one's own gender being sexually attracted to the opposite sex
|
| Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated to achieve perfection, not find pleasure. His approach is known as _____ psychology.
| individual
|
| Which of the following are criticisms that have been levied against the psychodynamic theorists?
| They place too much emphasis on early life experiences. Some of their concepts are difficult to test through empirical research.
|
| In psychoanalytic theory, the superego's job is to do which of the following?
| Evaluate the morality of our behavior
|
| What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?
| To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
|
| The view of personality that stresses a person's capacity for personal growth, self-conscious freedom to choose a destiny, and positive qualities is called which of the following?
| Humanistic psychology
|
| According to Freud, the Oedipus complex is which of the following?
| A young boy's desire to replace his father so he can enjoy his mother's affections
|
| Self- is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.
| actualization
|
| Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it?
| Adler
|
| Some critics state that psychodynamic theory overemphasizes _____ and does not acknowledge the capacity for change throughout life.
| early family experiences
|
| True or false: According to the humanistic approach, psychological distress is experienced when there are discrepancies between people's experiences and their self-concepts.
| true (A discrepancy between self-concepts, such as who you think you are and who you want to be, is a primary source of distress from a humanistic approach.
|
| Which of the following is a critique of the humanistic approach?
| The theory is too optimistic about human nature.
|
| The humanistic perspective believes that people are _____.
| able to achieve what they want through personal growth
|
| Which of the following is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being?
| self-actualization
|
| The _____ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors.
| trait
|
| Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated to achieve perfection, not find pleasure. His approach is known as _____ psychology.
| individual
|
| According to the humanist perspective, if how you see yourself differs from how others see you, what are you likely to experience?
| Psychological distress
|
| A critique of the humanistic approach is that humanism's assertion that people are good _____.
| cannot be verified
|
| The view of personality that stresses a person's capacity for personal growth, self-conscious freedom to choose a destiny, and positive qualities is called which of the following?
| Humanistic psychology
|
| A person who is imaginative is likely high in which of the big five traits?
| Openness to experience
|
| Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves how?
| Repeatedly over time and in many different situations
|
| Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it?
| Adler
|
| The trait approach to personality is practical, allows us to know a person better, and is correlated to practical life and health factors.
| true, (these are the advantages to the trait approach)
|
| True or false: According to the humanistic approach, psychological distress is experienced when there are discrepancies between people's experiences and their self-concepts.
| True (a discrepency between self concepts, such as who you think you are and who you want to be, is a primary source of distress from a humanistic approach
|
| Which of the following is a critique of the humanistic approach?
| The theory is too optimistic about human nature.
|
| A person who is sympathetic and kind is likely high in which of the big five traits?
| agreeableness
|
| The _____ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors.
| trait
|
| Social cognitive perspectives on personality differ from behaviorism by placing greater emphasis on which of the following?
| How people interpret their situations
|
| Which of the following is a strong advantage of the trait approach to personality?
| It provides a clear, straightforward description of people's behavior patterns.
|
| According to Carl Rogers, decreasing discrepancies between the _____ and the _____ can lead to more positive perceptions of self and less worry about what others want, and can increase positive experiences in the world.
| ideal; real
|
| A critique of the humanistic approach is that humanism's assertion that people are good _____.
| cannot be verified
|
| A _____ theorist is not interested in broad traits but instead looks at how more specific factors, such as beliefs, relate to behavior and performance.
| social cognitive
|
| The trait approach to personality is practical, allows us to know a person better, and is correlated to practical life and health factors.
| True (these are the advantages to the trait approach)
|
| True or false: According to the humanistic approach, psychological distress is experienced when there are discrepancies between people's experiences and their self-concepts.
| true (A discrepancy between self-concepts, such as who you think you are and who you want to be, is a primary source of distress from a humanistic approach.
|
| Observational learning occurs when _____.
| an individual learns the consequences of a response without experiencing the consequence directly
|
| Which of the following is a critique of the humanistic approach?
| The theory is too optimistic about human nature.
|
| A person who is sympathetic and kind is likely high in which of the big five traits?
| Agreeableness (Reason: Conscientiousness is associated with competent, self-disciplined achievement, and striving, whereas agreeableness is related to being sympathetic, warm, and forgiving.
|
| Which psychologist created the CAPS model and criticized the idea of constancy of behavior?
| Mischel
|
| Social cognitive perspectives on personality differ from behaviorism by placing greater emphasis on which of the following?
| How people interpret their situations
|
| The social cognitive approach to personality has been criticized for which of the following?
| Underestimating the role of enduring qualities in personality Making overly specific predictions that are difficult to generalize Ignoring the role of biology in shaping personality
|
| Which of the following is a strong advantage of the trait approach to personality?
| It provides a clear, straightforward description of people's behavior patterns.
|
| Eysenck's activation system approach describes the role of the brain system in personality.
| reticular
|
| Social cognitive theorists believe that we acquire a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings through observing others' behavior and that these observations form an important part of our personalities.
| true (Reason: The social cognitive perspective emphasizes the influence of thoughts and feelings.
|
| genetics is the study of the inherited underpinnings of our characteristics.
| behavioral
|
| During a job interview, you are asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 how happy you are. What type of test is the interviewer giving you?
| self-report
|
| Social cognitive psychologist Walter Mischel caused a large controversy in which field?
| personality
|
| Social cognitive theory focuses on the interaction of individuals with their _____.
| environments
|
| Eysenck's approach to _____ is based on the reticular activation system (RAS).
| extraversion
|
| Heritability estimates for the big five personality traits are around _____ percent.
| 50 percent
|
| A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, is considered a(n) test.
| projective
|
| The most commonly used method of measuring personality is the self- test.
| report
|
| Typical assessment methods used by psychodynamic researchers include studies and projective techniques.
| case
|
| Which psychologist created the CAPS model and criticized the idea of constancy of behavior?
| Mischel
|
| The social cognitive approach to personality has been criticized for which of the following?
| Making overly specific predictions that are difficult to generalize Ignoring the role of biology in shaping personality Underestimating the role of enduring qualities in personality
|
| Eysenck's activation system approach describes the role of the brain system in personality.
| retiular
|
| A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as inkblots or pictures, is considered a ______ test.
| projective
|
| _____ researchers prefer to use projective techniques and case studies.
| Psychodynamic
|
| Social cognitive theory focuses on the interaction of individuals with their _____.
| environments
|
| A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, is considered a(n) test.
| projective
|
| Typical assessment methods used by psychodynamic researchers include studies and projective techniques.
| case
|
| _____ researchers prefer to use projective techniques and case studies.
| Psychodynamic
|
According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and has more than a single component. In his famous psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that personality is composed of three elements known as the id, the ego, and the superego. These elements work together to create complex human behaviors.
B.F. Skinner is a major contributor to the Behavioral Theory of personality, a theory that states that our learning is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and observation. An individual acts in a certain way, a.k.a. gives a response, and then something happens after the response.
