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Causal-Comparative Design
A causal-comparative design is a research design that seeks to find relationships between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred. The researcher's goal is to determine whether the independent variable affected the outcome, or dependent variable, by comparing two or more groups of individuals. There are similarities and differences between causal-comparative research, also referred to as ex post facto research, and both correlational and experimental research. This entry discusses these differences, as well as the benefits, process, limitations, and criticism of this type of research design. To demonstrate how to use causal-comparative research, examples in education are presented.
Comparisons with Correlational Research
Many similarities exist between causal-comparative research and correlational research. Both methods are useful when experimental research has been deemed ...
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- Module 2:
- Objectives
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- Section 1
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- Section 1 Discussion
- Section 2
- Section 2 Discussion
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- Quiz
Section 2: Experimental Studies
Unlike a descriptive study, an experiment is a study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines an experiment as "A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, to examine the validity of a hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of something previously untried."
This means that no matter who the participant is, he/she has an equal chance of getting into all of the groups or treatments in an experiment. This process helps to ensure that the groups or treatments are similar at the beginning of the study so that there is more confidence that the manipulation (group or treatment) "caused" the outcome. More information about random assignment may be found in section Random assignment.
Definition: An experiment is a study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed.
Case Example for Experimental Study
Experimental Studies — Example 1
An investigator wants to evaluate whether a new technique to teach math to elementary school students is more effective than the standard teaching method. Using an experimental design, the investigator divides the class randomly (by chance) into two groups and calls them "Group A" and "Group B." The students cannot choose their own group. The random assignment process results in two groups that should share equal characteristics at the beginning of the experiment.
Experimental Studies — Example 2
A fitness instructor wants to test the effectiveness of a performance-enhancing herbal supplement on students in her exercise class. To create experimental groups that are similar at the beginning of the study, the students are assigned into two groups at random (they can not choose which group they are in). Students in both groups are given a pill to take every day, but they do not know whether the pill is a placebo (sugar pill) or the herbal supplement. The instructor gives Group A the herbal supplement and Group B receives the placebo (sugar pill). The students' fitness level is compared before and after six weeks of consuming the supplement or the sugar pill. No differences in performance ability were found between the two groups suggesting that the herbal supplement was not effective.