1. Import the Selenium library
You can get Selenium from here.
from selenium import webdriver
2. Start the webdriver and the browser
Starting the webdriver and the Chrome browser.
You can get ChromeDriver from here.
chromedriver = "C:/tests/chromedriver.exe" driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path = chromedriver)
Starting the webdriver and the Firefox browser.
You can get GeckoDriver from here.
geckodriver = "C:/tests/geckodriver.exe" driver = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path = geckodriver)
Starting the webdriver and the Internet Explorer browser.
You can get IEDriverServer from here.
iedriver = "C:/tests/IEDriverServer.exe" driver = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path = iedriver)
Starting the webdriver and the Safari browser.
Nothing to download. The SafariDriver is integrated in Safari.
driver = webdriver.Safari()
3. Open a website
the_url = "//anhtester.com" driver.get(the_url)
4. Find an element
Let's try to find this element:
<a href="/sign-up" id="register" name="register" class="cta nav-link"> Sign Up </a>Find element by ID
the_id = 'register' element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id)
Find element by Name
the_name = 'register' element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_name)
Find element by Class Name
the_class_name = 'nav-link' element = driver.find_element_by_class_name(the_class_name)
Find element by Tag Name
the_tag_name = 'a' element = driver.find_element_by_tag_name(the_tag_name)
Find element by Link Text
Works only for anchor elements.
the_link_text = 'Sign Up' element = driver.find_element_by_link_text(the_link_text)
Find element by Partial Link Text
Works only for anchor elements.
the_partial_link_text = 'Sign' element = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text(the_partial_link_text)
Find element by CSS Selector
You can extract the CSS Selector from the browser.
Or you can write your own by using an attribute from the element:
*[attribute="attribute_value"]
For our element, a custom CSS Selector would be:
the_css_selector = 'a[href="/sign-up"]' element = driver.find_element_by_css_selector(the_css_selector)
Find element by XPath
You can extract the XPath from the browser.
Or you can write your own by using an attribute from the element:
//*[@attribute = "attribute_value"]
For our element, a custom XPath would be:
You can read more about that here.
the_xpath = '//a[@href = "/sign-up"]' element = driver.find_element_by_xpath(the_xpath)
5. Click on an element
the_id = 'register' element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) element.click()
6. Write text inside an element
Works only for inputs and text areas.
the_id = 'email' the_email = '' element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) element.send_keys(the_email)
7. Select an option
Works only for select elements.
<select id="country"> <option value="US">United States</option> <option value="CA">Canada</option> <option value="MX">Mexico</option> </select>
Let's select Canada. 🇨🇦
You can use the visible text:
the_id = 'country' element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) select_element = Select(element) select_element.select_by_visible_text('Canada')
You can use the value:
the_id = 'country' element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) select_element = Select(element) select_element.select_by_value('CA')
You can also use the index:
the_id = 'country' element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) select_element = Select(element) select_element.select_by_index(1)
8. Take a screenshot
the_path = 'C:/tests/screenshots/1.png' driver.save_screenshot(the_path)
9. Upload a file
This works by using the send_keys method to write the local path of the file in the input type="file" element.
Let's use this example:
<input type="file" multiple="" id="upload_button">
the_file_path = 'C:/tests/files/example.pdf' the_id = 'upload_button' element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) element.send_keys(the_file_path)
You can read more about uploading files in a test here.
10. Execute JavaScript
In some cases, you might need to execute some JavaScript code.
This works exactly like you would execute it in your browser console.
js_code = 'document.getElementById("pop-up").remove()' driver = execute_script(js_code)
11. Switch to iframe
<iframe id="payment_section"> <input id="card_number"> <input id="card_name"> <input id="expiration_date"> <input id="cvv"> </iframe>
the_iframe_id = 'payment_section' the_element_id = 'card_number' the_iframe = driver.find_element_by_id(the_iframe_id) driver.switch_to.frame(the_iframe) element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_element_id) element.send_keys('41111111111111') driver.switch_to.default_content()
12. Switch to the next tab
You have to store the handle of your current tab in a global variable.
If you have only one tab open, the handle is 0.
global nextTab global currentTab nextTab = currentTab + 1 driver.switch_to_window(driver.window_handles[nextTab]) currentTab = currentTab + 1
13. Switch to the previous tab
global previousTab global currentTab previousTab = currentTab - 1 driver.switch_to_window(driver.window_handles[previousTab]) currentTab = currentTab - 1
14. Close tab
15. Close alert
driver.switch_to.alert.accept()
16. Refresh
17. Hover
the_id = "register" the_element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) hover = ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(the_element) hover.perform()
18. Right Click
the_id = "register" the_element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) right_click = ActionChains(driver).context_click(the_element) right_click.perform()
19. Click with offset
In order to precisely click on a certain position in a canvas element, you have to provide the offset.
The offset represents the number of pixels to the right and down, starting from the top left corner of your canvas element.
the_id = "register" the_element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) x = 30 y = 20 offset = ActionChains(driver).move_to_element_with_offset(the_element,x,y) offset.click() offset.perform()
20. Press Key
the_id = 'register' element = driver.find_element_by_id(the_id) element.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
21. Drag and drop
element_to_drag_id = 'ball' target_element_id = 'goal' element_to_drag = driver.find_element_by_id(element_to_drag_id) target_element = driver.find_element_by_id(target_element_id) ActionChains(driver).drag_and_drop(element_to_drag_id, target_element).perform()
22. Get Page Source
the_page_source = driver.page_source
23. Get Cookies
cookies_list = driver.get_cookies()
24. Delete Cookies
cookie_item = 'shopping_cart' # delete one cookie driver.delete_cookie(cookie_item) # delete all cookies driver.delete_all_cookies()
25. Get first element from list
the_id = 'register' list_of_elements = driver.find_elements_by_id(the_id) first_element = list_of_elements[0]
26. Configure Page Load Timeout
driver.set_page_load_timeout(20)
27. Configure Element Load Timeout
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait the_id = 'register' WebDriverWait(driver,10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, the_id)))
28. Set window size
driver.set_window_size(1600, 1200)
29. Change the user agent string
the_user_agent = 'hello' chromedriver = 'C:/tests/chromedriver.exe' options = webdriver.ChromeOptions() options.add_argument('--user-agent = '+ the_user_agent) driver = webdriver.Chrome( executable_path = chromedriver, chrome_options = options)
30. Simulate webcam and microphone
chromedriver = 'C:/tests/chromedriver.exe' options = webdriver.ChromeOptions() options.add_argument("--use-fake-ui-for-media-stream") options.add_argument("--use-fake-device-for-media-stream") driver = webdriver.Chrome( executable_path = chromedriver, chrome_options = options)
31. Add Chrome Extension
chromedriver = 'C:/tests/chromedriver.exe' extension_path = 'C:/tests/my_extension.zip' options = webdriver.ChromeOptions() options.add_extension(extension_path) driver = webdriver.Chrome( executable_path = chromedriver, chrome_options = options)