Which one of the following is most likely to be true for children who have a strong ethnic identity quizlet?

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Steps used to process and respond to social events:

1. Pay attention to social environment (encode) - What are others doing?

2. Interpret social cues - Link to past events/schemas (also attributions)

3. Clarify social goals - What do I want out of this (e.g. friendship)?

4. Response search - What are possible strategies?

5. Response evaluation - What has happened in the past? What do I think will be successful?

6. Response enactment - What am I going to do?

-THEN START PROCESS AGAIN (how did people react to my behavior?)...

Three of the following alternatives describe typical thoughts and actions of children who are predisposed to aggressive behavior. Which one is not a typical description?

-Jordan pushes Lisa because he is sure that Lisa bumped into him on purpose.
-Other children always give in to Bobby's demands because they're afraid he'll push them down if they don't, but Bobby thinks the other students respect him for his actions.
-Derek wants to join the soccer game in progress on the playground, so he runs into the middle of the field and trips Nathan in order to get the ball.
-Carrie throws her pencil at Jack because she thinks he is laughing at her, but then she is immediately sorry and tells him so.

Carrie throws her pencil at Jack because she thinks he is laughing at her, but then she is immediately sorry and tells him so.

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for students who have a strong ethnic identity?

-They are apt to speak a language other than English even when others in the group are speaking English.
-On average, they tend to suffer from low self-esteem.
-On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful.
-On average, they tend to see little value in getting an education and often drop out before twelfth grade.

On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful.

All of the following strategies are certainly beneficial, but only one is likely to foster resilience in students who live in difficult and challenging circumstances (e.g., extreme poverty, abusive family members). Which strategy is known to foster resilience?

-Take a personal interest in students' welfare and show them that they can turn to you in times of need.
-Show students how academic tasks are relevant to their personal lives.
-Give students both positive and negative feedback when it's appropriate to do so.
-Have fewer classroom requirements and be lenient in grading criteria.

Take a personal interest in students' welfare and show them that they can turn to you in times of need.

Twelve-year-old Kyle takes a picture of his classmate Bill completely nude while in the school locker room. Kyle then forwards the picture via e-mail to about 50 classmates, who delight in Bill's humiliation at being exposed in this way. Kyle's action can best be characterized as:

-Cyberbullying.
-A hostile attributional bias.
-Reactive aggression.
-Social cognition.

Cyberbullying.

At a Parent Teacher Association (PTA) meeting at your school, several parents complain about the moral decline of today's youth and argue that the school should be giving regular lectures about the importance of honesty, loyalty, generosity, and so on. If the teachers and school administrators are up to date on research regarding moral development, they should respond by saying that such lectures:

-Can be effective only if parents urge their children to take the lectures seriously.
-Would do little if anything to promote moral behavior.
-Are likely to be effective for junior high and high school students but not for elementary school students.
-Are likely to be effective for elementary students but not for junior high and high school students.

Would do little if anything to promote moral behavior.

Three of the following strategies should encourage positive interactions among students with diverse backgrounds or special educational needs. Which strategy is not likely to do so?

-Treat students as if they all share the same cultural values and beliefs.
-Ask students from different backgrounds to work together in lab activities.
-Encourage all students to participate in extracurricular activities.
-If parents give permission, teach students about the nature of the specific disabilities that some of their classmates may have.

Treat students as if they all share the same cultural values and beliefs.

Which one of the following alternatives best reflects how the textbook defines students at risk?

-Students with a strong probability of becoming long-term substance abusers
-Students likely to have poor long-term developmental outcomes
-Students who show a pattern of criminal-like behavior by the age of 14
-Students who have had numerous encounters with the criminal justice system

Students likely to have poor long-term developmental outcomes

Three of the following would be considered moral transgressions. Which one is an example of a conventional transgression?

-Telling a lie that ruins a classmate's reputation
-Shoving a younger child to the ground
-Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift
-Stealing a classmate's homework

Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift

Danny is a quiet 11-year-old who usually keeps to himself. Some of the other boys in class like to tease him when the teacher isn't looking because they know they can provoke him to fight, and then Danny hits them and gets in trouble. The type of aggression that Danny exhibits is called:

-Proactive aggression.
-Prosocial aggression.
-Reactive aggression.
-Relational aggression.

Reactive aggression.

Teachers can use three of the following strategies to discourage cheating, which is dishonest and therefore immoral. Which strategy is not as likely to discourage cheating?

-Ensure that students have the support they need to complete assignments without cheating
-Encourage students to catch one another cheating and regulate it themselves
-Ensure that students understand what cheating is by clearly explaining that it includes gaining an unfair advantage over others
-Explain the difference between cheating and a collaboration where all collaborators learn something and the work is an honest joint effort

Encourage students to catch one another cheating and regulate it themselves

A large social group in which the members show strong loyalty to each other, have strict rules, and have specific initiation rites is known as:

-A clique.
-A subculture.
-A norm group.
-A gang.

A gang.

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's discussion of bullying. Which one is not consistent?

-Offer emotional support to the victims of bullies, and help them make friends with students who might protect them against future bullying.
-Help students get a good understanding of what bullying is, pointing out that it can involve either physical or psychological harm.
-Ignore minor incidents of bullying if the victims are immature and need some "toughening up."
-Create a system through which students can anonymously report incidents of bullying they see in the halls, on the playground, and elsewhere.

Ignore minor incidents of bullying if the victims are immature and need some "toughening up."

Research on gender differences in students' sense of self tells us that:

-In adolescence, girls rate their physical appearance more positively than boys do.
-On average, girls have a better overall sense of self-worth than boys.
-Boys are more likely than girls to overrate their abilities.
-Boys are more likely than girls to see themselves as being good readers.

Boys are more likely than girls to overrate their abilities.

Sixteen-year-old Reynelda has known since she was 4 years old that she will become a teacher. Her grandmother was a teacher, and her mother and two aunts are teachers. She's never really even thought about any other occupation. Reynelda can best be described as showing:

-Identity diffusion.
-Foreclosure.
-Moratorium.
-Identity achievement.

Foreclosure.

Three of the following strategies should encourage positive interactions among students with diverse backgrounds or special educational needs. Which strategy is not likely to do so?

-Teach students common words and phrases in one another's native languages.
-Let students choose their own seats in the classroom.
-Teach students the meaning and importance of certain customs in cultures different from their own.
-Form cooperative learning groups that include students from different ethnic backgrounds.

Let students choose their own seats in the classroom.

Anita's idea of how to interact with her classmates is to tease or insult them. Not surprisingly, she has few friends. Her teacher can best help her by:

-Doing nothing, because her peers are the most effective teachers of what she needs to know.
-Asking the principal to move Anita to a different classroom.
-Encouraging classmates to reciprocate by teasing and insulting her, so that she will know how such treatment feels.
-Explicitly teaching her more effective ways to interact with her peers.

Explicitly teaching her more effective ways to interact with her peers.

As students grow older, they are more likely to:

-Hold themselves to unrealistically high standards for performance.
-Be satisfied with low levels of performance.
-Evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their classmates.
-Evaluate their own performance in terms of how much improvement it shows over time.

Evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their classmates.

An authoritarian parenting style is seen in which one of the following examples involving junior high school students?

-Molly's parents are quite strict, letting her know their high expectations for her and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules.
-Fern's parents allow her generous leeway in terms of bedtimes, curfews, and choice of friends.
-Henry's parents have high expectations for him but often ask him for his opinion when they set guidelines for acceptable behavior.
-Kelly's parents are primarily concerned with their own lives and problems and do not provide Kelly with much warmth or emotional support.

Molly's parents are quite strict, letting her know their high expectations for her and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules.

Three of the following suggestions are apt to be helpful when teachers work with students and their parents. Choose the strategy that is apt to be counterproductive.

-Keep in mind that many children do well in school despite less-than-optimal parenting styles at home.
-Acknowledge that authoritarian methods may be quite appropriate if families live in dangerous neighborhoods.
-Point out that parents who use authoritarian methods may be causing some of their children's behavior problems.
-Keep in mind that many parents from Asian cultures effectively combine elements of authoritative and authoritarian parenting.

Point out that parents who use authoritarian methods may be causing some of their children's behavior problems.

In what way does self-efficacy differ from the term self-concept?

-Self-efficacy refers only to behaviors that people learn through modeling.
-Self-efficacy results primarily from vicarious reinforcement and punishment.
-Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed.
-Self-efficacy appears only after people begin to regulate their own behavior.

Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed.

Which one of the following statements reflects Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning?

-"It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me."
-"It isn't fair to the students who studied hard if I cheat."
-"Cheating is against school rules, so I shouldn't do it."
-"The most popular boy in school cheats all the time, so I guess I can too."

"It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me."

The textbook suggests that the effects of peer pressure have been overrated. Three of the following are factors that ameliorate, or "soften," the potential effects of peer pressure. Which statement is notnecessarily accurate?

-Students may give an outward impression of acting "cool" or "going along with the crowd" while secretly behaving in accordance with their own standards.
-Students tend to hang out with peers whose values and interests are similar to their own.
-Students retain some of the values they have acquired from their families.
-Most adolescents have developed abstract moral principles that guide their daily decision making.

Most adolescents have developed abstract moral principles that guide their daily decision making.

Three of the following would be considered moral transgressions. Which one is an example of a conventional transgression?

-Telling a lie that ruins a classmate's reputation
-Shoving a younger child to the ground
-Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift
-Stealing a classmate's homework

Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift

Which one of the following forms of aggression are we more apt to see in girls than in boys?

-Pulling someone's hair
-Spreading a malicious rumor
-Poking a nearby classmate
-Throwing a pencil at someone across the room

Spreading a malicious rumor

Which one of the following illustrates a phenomenon known as the personal fable?

-Olivia becomes very popular with her peers when she makes up a story that she is from a small European country and has royal blood in her family.
-Wendy gets sick more often than her classmates and so asks her teachers to be more lenient in grading her assignments.
-Jonathan thinks of himself as a "nobody," someone whom his peers rarely notice.
-William believes he is unique among human beings, with thoughts and feelings no one else has ever had.

William believes he is unique among human beings, with thoughts and feelings no one else has ever had.

Which one of the following students is exhibiting an externalizing behavior?

-Tanya, who weighs 93 pounds but has stopped eating lunch and has cut back on other meals because she thinks she's too fat
-Roberto, who has been overindulging in alcohol and making frequent comments about killing himself
-Natasha, who has been unable to sleep through the night for months because she can't stop worrying about her life
-Peter, who has been stealing small items from his classmates' desks and publicly accusing others of taking them

Peter, who has been stealing small items from his classmates' desks and publicly accusing others of taking them

Given what researchers have learned about changes in children's and adolescents' self-esteem over the years, which teachers should be especially careful to help students acquire a positive sense of self?

-Second- through fourth-grade teachers
-Middle school teachers
-High school teachers who teach advanced courses
-High school coaches and physical education teachers

Middle school teachers

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about the effects of peer groups and peer pressure?

-Peer pressure is strongest in the primary grades, when children first enter school.
-Peer pressure is strongest during the late high school years, as students approach graduation.
-Peer groups may encourage either desirable qualities (e.g., honesty) or undesirable qualities (e.g., violence).
-When a particular peer group discourages academic achievement, members of that group will always achieve lower class grades than they are capable of achieving.

Peer groups may encourage either desirable qualities (e.g., honesty) or undesirable qualities (e.g., violence).

Especially in the middle school and high school grades, teachers must be alert to the possibility that a student is contemplating suicide. Which one of the following students is least likely to be having suicidal thoughts?

-Gracie has become quite interested in looking and dressing like a popular rock star.
-Erik has stopped hanging out with his friends and refuses to take their telephone calls.
-After being seriously depressed for several weeks, Larinda is suddenly quite happy.
-Although he loves music, Oscar is giving away all of his favorite CDs.

Gracie has become quite interested in looking and dressing like a popular rock star.

As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian has no sense of direction. Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or so. Julian can best be described as showing:

-Foreclosure.
-Moratorium.
-Identity diffusion.
-Identity achievement.

Identity diffusion.

Three of the following statements accurately describe the cultural diversity we are likely to see in children's and adolescents' personal, social, and moral development. Which statement is not accurate?

-Some cultures encourage children to be outgoing; other cultures encourage them to be shy.
-Some students from diverse ethnic backgrounds may have a strong sense of ethnic identity; others may prefer to blend in with the mainstream culture.
-Some cultures promote an "every man for himself" attitude and never teach the importance of helping others.
-Students from some cultural groups view certain ways of dressing as moral obligations.

Some cultures promote an "every man for himself" attitude and never teach the importance of helping others.

Lamont worries that he has unintentionally hurt another student's feelings. From this information alone, we can reasonably conclude that Lamont:

-Has developed a theory of mind.
-Has reached Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning.
-Has reached Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning.
-Must be at least 12 years old.

Has developed a theory of mind.

Which one of the following best illustrates self-efficacy rather than general self-concept or self-esteem?

-Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts.
-Brandi thinks of herself as being more intelligent than most of her classmates.
-Connor has little faith in his ability to learn new things, and so he does whatever he can to avoid doing assigned classroom tasks.
-Darvin is convinced that no one likes him, even though most people really do.

Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts.

When asked which classmates they would most like to do things with, on average children tend to choose peers who:

-Are compassionate and cooperate.
-Are the best athletes.
-Enjoy making fun of others.
-Always like to be in charge.

Are compassionate and cooperate.

Which one of these examples best reflects the role that students' sense of self typically plays in their achievement and school behavior?

-Melissa thinks of herself as physically fit, so she doesn't think she needs to participate in sports or other physical activities.
-Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an extra reading class as an elective.
-Nettie doesn't think she is very popular, so she smiles at others and tries to talk to them so they will like her.
-Kim doesn't want to take any more math classes because she knows she's already good at math.

Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an extra reading class as an elective.

When considering children's and adolescents cultural and ethnic backgrounds?

Who is likely to have the highest self esteem?

What can adults do to foster children's theory of mind quizlet?

When asked which classmates they would most like to do things with on average children tend to choose peers who?