Is not vs != in python?

First, let me go over a few terms. If you just want your question answered, scroll down to "Answering your question".

Definitions

Object identity: When you create an object, you can assign it to a variable. You can then also assign it to another variable. And another.

>>> button = Button()
>>> cancel = button
>>> close = button
>>> dismiss = button
>>> print(cancel is close)
True

In this case, cancel, close, and dismiss all refer to the same object in memory. You only created one Button object, and all three variables refer to this one object. We say that cancel, close, and dismiss all refer to identical objects; that is, they refer to one single object.

Object equality: When you compare two objects, you usually don't care that it refers to the exact same object in memory. With object equality, you can define your own rules for how two objects compare. When you write if a == b:, you are essentially saying if a.__eq__(b):. This lets you define a __eq__ method on a so that you can use your own comparison logic.

Rationale for equality comparisons

Rationale: Two objects have the exact same data, but are not identical. (They are not the same object in memory.) Example: Strings

>>> greeting = "It's a beautiful day in the neighbourhood."
>>> a = unicode(greeting)
>>> b = unicode(greeting)
>>> a is b
False
>>> a == b
True

Note: I use unicode strings here because Python is smart enough to reuse regular strings without creating new ones in memory.

Here, I have two unicode strings, a and b. They have the exact same content, but they are not the same object in memory. However, when we compare them, we want them to compare equal. What's happening here is that the unicode object has implemented the __eq__ method.

class unicode(object):
    # ...

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if len(self) != len(other):
            return False

        for i, j in zip(self, other):
            if i != j:
                return False

        return True

Note: __eq__ on unicode is definitely implemented more efficiently than this.

Rationale: Two objects have different data, but are considered the same object if some key data is the same. Example: Most types of model data

>>> import datetime
>>> a = Monitor()
>>> a.make = "Dell"
>>> a.model = "E770s"
>>> a.owner = "Bob Jones"
>>> a.warranty_expiration = datetime.date(2030, 12, 31)
>>> b = Monitor()
>>> b.make = "Dell"
>>> b.model = "E770s"
>>> b.owner = "Sam Johnson"
>>> b.warranty_expiration = datetime.date(2005, 8, 22)
>>> a is b
False
>>> a == b
True

Here, I have two Dell monitors, a and b. They have the same make and model. However, they neither have the same data nor are the same object in memory. However, when we compare them, we want them to compare equal. What's happening here is that the Monitor object implemented the __eq__ method.

class Monitor(object):
    # ...

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.make == other.make and self.model == other.model

Answering your question

When comparing to None, always use is not. None is a singleton in Python - there is only ever one instance of it in memory.

By comparing identity, this can be performed very quickly. Python checks whether the object you're referring to has the same memory address as the global None object - a very, very fast comparison of two numbers.

By comparing equality, Python has to look up whether your object has an __eq__ method. If it does not, it examines each superclass looking for an __eq__ method. If it finds one, Python calls it. This is especially bad if the __eq__ method is slow and doesn't immediately return when it notices that the other object is None.

Did you not implement __eq__? Then Python will probably find the __eq__ method on object and use that instead - which just checks for object identity anyway.

When comparing most other things in Python, you will be using !=.

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Comparing Python Objects the Right Way: "is" vs "=="

There’s a subtle difference between the Python identity operator (is) and the equality operator (==). Your code can run fine when you use the Python is operator to compare numbers, until it suddenly doesn’t. You might have heard somewhere that the Python is operator is faster than the == operator, or you may feel that it looks more Pythonic. However, it’s crucial to keep in mind that these operators don’t behave quite the same.

The == operator compares the value or equality of two objects, whereas the Python is operator checks whether two variables point to the same object in memory. In the vast majority of cases, this means you should use the equality operators == and !=, except when you’re comparing to None.

In this tutorial, you’ll learn:

• What the difference is between object equality and identity
• When to use equality and identity operators to compare objects
• What these Python operators do under the hood
• Why using is and is not to compare values leads to unexpected behavior
• How to write a custom __eq__() class method to define equality operator behavior

>>> help(id)
Help on built-in function id in module builtins:

id(obj, /)
    Return the identity of an object.

    This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects.
    (CPython uses the object's memory address.)

>>> id(id)
2570892442576

>>> from sys import intern
>>> a = 'hello world'
>>> b = 'hello world'
>>> a is b
False
>>> id(a)
1603648396784
>>> id(b)
1603648426160

>>> a = intern(a)
>>> b = intern(b)
>>> a is b
True
>>> id(a)
1603648396784
>>> id(b)
1603648396784

>>> a = 256
>>> b = 256
>>> a is b
True
>>> id(a)
1638894624
>>> id(b)
1638894624

>>> a = 257
>>> b = 257
>>> a is b
False

>>> id(a)
2570926051952
>>> id(b)
2570926051984

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = a
>>> a
[1, 2, 3]
>>> b
[1, 2, 3]

>>> a.append(4)
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> b
[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> id(a)
2570926056520
>>> id(b)
2570926056520

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = [1, 2, 3]
>>> a is b
False
>>> id(a)
2356388925576
>>> id(b)
2356388952648

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = a.copy()
>>> a
[1, 2, 3]
>>> b
[1, 2, 3]

>>> a == b
True
>>> a is b
False

>>> id(a)
2570926058312
>>> id(b)
2570926057736

class SillyString(str):
    # This method gets called when using == on the object
    def __eq__(self, other):
        print(f'comparing {self} to {other}')
        # Return True if self and other have the same length
        return len(self) == len(other)    

>>> # Compare two strings
>>> 'hello world' == 'world hello'
False

>>> # Compare a string with a SillyString
>>> 'hello world' == SillyString('world hello')
comparing world hello to hello world
True

>>> # Compare a SillyString with a list
>>> SillyString('hello world') == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
comparing hello world to [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
True

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Comparing Python Objects the Right Way: "is" vs "=="

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