Hướng dẫn what 3d game engines use python? - những gì công cụ trò chơi 3d sử dụng python?

Cài đặt pygame

Pygame có sẵn trên PYPI, vì vậy sau khi tạo và kích hoạt môi trường ảo, bạn có thể cài đặt nó bằng lệnh

 1"""
 2Basic "Hello, World!" program in Pygame
 3
 4This program is designed to demonstrate the basic capabilities
 5of Pygame. It will:
 6- Create a game window
 7- Fill the background with white
 8- Draw some basic shapes in different colors
 9- Draw some text in a specified size and color
10- Allow you to close the window
11"""
12
13# Import and initialize the pygame library
14import pygame
15
16pygame.init()
17
18# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
19WIDTH = 800
20HEIGHT = 600
21
22# Set up the drawing window
23screen = pygame.display.set_mode([WIDTH, HEIGHT])
24
25# Run until the user asks to quit
26running = True
27while running:
28
29    # Did the user click the window close button?
30    for event in pygame.event.get():
31        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
32            running = False
33
34    # Fill the background with white
35    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
36
37    # Draw a blue circle with a radius of 50 in the center of the screen
38    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255), (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2), 50)
39
40    # Draw a red-outlined square in the top-left corner of the screen
41    red_square = pygame.Rect((50, 50), (100, 100))
42    pygame.draw.rect(screen, (200, 0, 0), red_square, 1)
43
44    # Draw an orange caption along the bottom in 60-point font
45    text_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 60)
46    text_block = text_font.render(
47        "Hello, World! From Pygame", False, (200, 100, 0)
48    )
49    screen.blit(text_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
50
51    # Flip the display
52    pygame.display.flip()
53
54# Done! Time to quit.
55pygame.quit()

(venv) $ python -m pip install pygame

Sau khi hoàn thành, bạn có thể xác minh cài đặt bằng cách chạy một ví dụ đi kèm với thư viện:

(venv) $ python -m pygame.examples.aliens

Bây giờ bạn đã cài đặt pygame, bạn có thể bắt đầu sử dụng nó ngay lập tức. Nếu bạn gặp vấn đề trong quá trình cài đặt, thì Hướng dẫn bắt đầu phác thảo một số vấn đề đã biết và các giải pháp khả thi cho tất cả các nền tảng.

Các khái niệm cơ bản

Pygame được tổ chức thành một số mô -đun khác nhau, cung cấp quyền truy cập trừu tượng vào đồ họa, âm thanh và phần cứng đầu vào của bạn. Pygame cũng xác định nhiều lớp, đóng gói các khái niệm phụ thuộc vào phần cứng. Ví dụ, bản vẽ được thực hiện trên các đối tượng

 1"""
 2Basic "Hello, World!" program in Pygame
 3
 4This program is designed to demonstrate the basic capabilities
 5of Pygame. It will:
 6- Create a game window
 7- Fill the background with white
 8- Draw some basic shapes in different colors
 9- Draw some text in a specified size and color
10- Allow you to close the window
11"""
12
13# Import and initialize the pygame library
14import pygame
15
16pygame.init()
17
18# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
19WIDTH = 800
20HEIGHT = 600
21
22# Set up the drawing window
23screen = pygame.display.set_mode([WIDTH, HEIGHT])
24
25# Run until the user asks to quit
26running = True
27while running:
28
29    # Did the user click the window close button?
30    for event in pygame.event.get():
31        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
32            running = False
33
34    # Fill the background with white
35    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
36
37    # Draw a blue circle with a radius of 50 in the center of the screen
38    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255), (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2), 50)
39
40    # Draw a red-outlined square in the top-left corner of the screen
41    red_square = pygame.Rect((50, 50), (100, 100))
42    pygame.draw.rect(screen, (200, 0, 0), red_square, 1)
43
44    # Draw an orange caption along the bottom in 60-point font
45    text_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 60)
46    text_block = text_font.render(
47        "Hello, World! From Pygame", False, (200, 100, 0)
48    )
49    screen.blit(text_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
50
51    # Flip the display
52    pygame.display.flip()
53
54# Done! Time to quit.
55pygame.quit()

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

Mỗi trò chơi sử dụng một vòng lặp trò chơi để kiểm soát trò chơi chơi. Vòng lặp này lặp lại liên tục khi trò chơi tiến triển. Pygame cung cấp các phương thức và chức năng để thực hiện một vòng lặp trò chơi, nhưng nó không cung cấp một cách tự động. Tác giả trò chơi dự kiến ​​sẽ thực hiện chức năng của một vòng lặp trò chơi.game loop to control game play. This loop iterates constantly as the game progresses. Pygame provides methods and functions to implement a game loop, but it doesn’t provide one automatically. The game author is expected to implement the functionality of a game loop.

Mỗi lần lặp của vòng lặp trò chơi được gọi là một khung. Mỗi khung hình, trò chơi thực hiện bốn hành động quan trọng:frame. Every frame, the game performs four vital actions:

1. Xử lý đầu vào người dùng. Đầu vào của người dùng trong pygame được xử lý bằng mô hình sự kiện. Đầu vào chuột và bàn phím tạo ra các sự kiện, có thể được đọc và xử lý, hoặc bỏ qua khi bạn thấy phù hợp. Bản thân Pygame không cung cấp bất kỳ trình xử lý sự kiện nào. User input in Pygame is handled using an event model. Mouse and keyboard input generate events, which can be read and handled, or ignored as you see fit. Pygame itself doesn’t provide any event handlers.

2. Cập nhật trạng thái của các đối tượng trò chơi. Các đối tượng trò chơi có thể được biểu diễn bằng cách sử dụng bất kỳ cấu trúc dữ liệu pygame hoặc lớp pygame đặc biệt nào. Các đối tượng như sprites, hình ảnh, phông chữ và màu sắc có thể được tạo và mở rộng trong Python để cung cấp càng nhiều thông tin trạng thái cần thiết. Game objects can be represented using any Pygame data structure or special Pygame class. Objects such as sprites, images, fonts, and colors can be created and extended in Python to provide as much state information as necessary.

3. Cập nhật màn hình và đầu ra âm thanh. Pygame cung cấp quyền truy cập trừu tượng để hiển thị và phần cứng âm thanh. Các mô -đun

   (venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py
   

   1,

   (venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py
   

   2 và

   (venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py
   

   3 cho phép các tác giả trò chơi linh hoạt trong thiết kế và triển khai trò chơi. Pygame provides abstract access to display and sound hardware. The

   (venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py
   

   1,

   (venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py
   

   2, and

   (venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py
   

   3 modules allow game authors flexibility in game design and implementation.

4. Duy trì tốc độ của trò chơi. Mô -đun Pygame từ

   (venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py
   

   4 cho phép các tác giả trò chơi kiểm soát tốc độ trò chơi. Bằng cách đảm bảo mỗi khung hoàn thành trong một giới hạn thời gian xác định, các tác giả trò chơi có thể đảm bảo trò chơi chạy tương tự trên phần cứng khác nhau. Pygame’s

   (venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py
   

   4 module allows game authors to control the game speed. By ensuring each frame completes within a specified time limit, game authors can ensure the game runs similarly on different hardware.

Bạn có thể thấy những khái niệm này kết hợp với nhau trong một ví dụ cơ bản.

Ứng dụng cơ bản

Chương trình Pygame cơ bản này vẽ một vài hình dạng và một số văn bản trên màn hình:

Mã cho mẫu này có thể được tìm thấy bên dưới và trong các tài liệu có thể tải xuống:

 1"""
 2Basic "Hello, World!" program in Pygame
 3
 4This program is designed to demonstrate the basic capabilities
 5of Pygame. It will:
 6- Create a game window
 7- Fill the background with white
 8- Draw some basic shapes in different colors
 9- Draw some text in a specified size and color
10- Allow you to close the window
11"""
12
13# Import and initialize the pygame library
14import pygame
15
16pygame.init()
17
18# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
19WIDTH = 800
20HEIGHT = 600
21
22# Set up the drawing window
23screen = pygame.display.set_mode([WIDTH, HEIGHT])
24
25# Run until the user asks to quit
26running = True
27while running:
28
29    # Did the user click the window close button?
30    for event in pygame.event.get():
31        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
32            running = False
33
34    # Fill the background with white
35    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
36
37    # Draw a blue circle with a radius of 50 in the center of the screen
38    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255), (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2), 50)
39
40    # Draw a red-outlined square in the top-left corner of the screen
41    red_square = pygame.Rect((50, 50), (100, 100))
42    pygame.draw.rect(screen, (200, 0, 0), red_square, 1)
43
44    # Draw an orange caption along the bottom in 60-point font
45    text_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 60)
46    text_block = text_font.render(
47        "Hello, World! From Pygame", False, (200, 100, 0)
48    )
49    screen.blit(text_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
50
51    # Flip the display
52    pygame.display.flip()
53
54# Done! Time to quit.
55pygame.quit()

Mặc dù có khát vọng khiêm tốn, ngay cả chương trình pygame cơ bản này cũng yêu cầu một vòng lặp trò chơi và người xử lý sự kiện. Vòng lặp trò chơi bắt đầu trên dòng 27 và được điều khiển bởi biến

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

Xử lý sự kiện bắt đầu trên dòng 30 với một vòng lặp sự kiện. Các sự kiện được lấy từ hàng đợi bằng cách sử dụng

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

Pygame cung cấp các phương pháp khác nhau để vẽ các hình dạng cơ bản, chẳng hạn như vòng tròn và hình chữ nhật. Trong mẫu này, một vòng tròn màu xanh được vẽ trên dòng 38 và một hình vuông màu đỏ được vẽ trên các dòng 41 và 42. Lưu ý rằng việc vẽ một hình chữ nhật yêu cầu bạn phải tạo đối tượng

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

Vẽ văn bản trên màn hình có liên quan nhiều hơn một chút. Đầu tiên, trên dòng 45, bạn chọn một phông chữ và tạo đối tượng

  1"""
  2Complete Game in Pygame
  3
  4This game demonstrates some of the more advanced features of
  5Pygame, including:
  6- Using sprites to render complex graphics
  7- Handling user mouse input
  8- Basic sound output
  9"""
 10
 11# Import and initialize the pygame library
 12import pygame
 13
 14# To randomize coin placement
 15from random import randint
 16
 17# To find your assets
 18from pathlib import Path
 19
 20# For type hinting
 21from typing import Tuple
 22
 23# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
 24WIDTH = 800
 25HEIGHT = 600
 26
 27# How quickly do you generate coins? Time is in milliseconds
 28coin_countdown = 2500
 29coin_interval = 100
 30
 31# How many coins can be on the screen before you end?
 32COIN_COUNT = 10
 33
 34# Define the Player sprite
 35class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 36    def __init__(self):
 37        """Initialize the player sprite"""
 38        super(Player, self).__init__()
 39
 40        # Get the image to draw for the player
 41        player_image = str(
 42            Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "alien_green_stand.png"
 43        )
 44        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 45        self.surf = pygame.image.load(player_image).convert_alpha()
 46        # Save the rect so you can move it
 47        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
 48
 49    def update(self, pos: Tuple):
 50        """Update the position of the player
 51
 52        Arguments:
 53            pos {Tuple} -- the (X,Y) position to move the player
 54        """
 55        self.rect.center = pos
 56
 57# Define the Coin sprite
 58class Coin(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 59    def __init__(self):
 60        """Initialize the coin sprite"""
 61        super(Coin, self).__init__()
 62
 63        # Get the image to draw for the coin
 64        coin_image = str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "coin_gold.png")
 65
 66        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 67        self.surf = pygame.image.load(coin_image).convert_alpha()
 68
 69        # The starting position is randomly generated
 70        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
 71            center=(
 72                randint(10, WIDTH - 10),
 73                randint(10, HEIGHT - 10),
 74            )
 75        )
 76
 77# Initialize the Pygame engine
 78pygame.init()
 79
 80# Set up the drawing window
 81screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size=[WIDTH, HEIGHT])
 82
 83# Hide the mouse cursor
 84pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
 85
 86# Set up the clock for a decent frame rate
 87clock = pygame.time.Clock()
 88
 89# Create a custom event for adding a new coin
 90ADDCOIN = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
 91pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
 92
 93# Set up the coin_list
 94coin_list = pygame.sprite.Group()
 95
 96# Initialize the score
 97score = 0
 98
 99# Set up the coin pickup sound
100coin_pickup_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(
101    str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "sounds" / "coin_pickup.wav")
102)
103
104# Create a player sprite and set its initial position
105player = Player()
106player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
107
108# Run until you get to an end condition
109running = True
110while running:
111
112    # Did the user click the window close button?
113    for event in pygame.event.get():
114        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
115            running = False
116
117        # Should you add a new coin?
118        elif event.type == ADDCOIN:
119            # Create a new coin and add it to the coin_list
120            new_coin = Coin()
121            coin_list.add(new_coin)
122
123            # Speed things up if fewer than three coins are on-screen
124            if len(coin_list) < 3:
125                coin_countdown -= coin_interval
126            # Need to have some interval
127            if coin_countdown < 100:
128                coin_countdown = 100
129
130            # Stop the previous timer by setting the interval to 0
131            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, 0)
132
133            # Start a new timer
134            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
135
136    # Update the player position
137    player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
138
139    # Check if the player has collided with a coin, removing the coin if so
140    coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(
141        sprite=player, group=coin_list, dokill=True
142    )
143    for coin in coins_collected:
144        # Each coin is worth 10 points
145        score += 10
146        # Play the coin collected sound
147        coin_pickup_sound.play()
148
149    # Are there too many coins on the screen?
150    if len(coin_list) >= COIN_COUNT:
151        # This counts as an end condition, so you end your game loop
152        running = False
153
154    # To render the screen, first fill the background with pink
155    screen.fill((255, 170, 164))
156
157    # Draw the coins next
158    for coin in coin_list:
159        screen.blit(coin.surf, coin.rect)
160
161    # Then draw the player
162    screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)
163
164    # Finally, draw the score at the bottom left
165    score_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 36)
166    score_block = score_font.render(f"Score: {score}", False, (0, 0, 0))
167    screen.blit(score_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
168
169    # Flip the display to make everything appear
170    pygame.display.flip()
171
172    # Ensure you maintain a 30 frames per second rate
173    clock.tick(30)
174
175# Done! Print the final score
176print(f"Game over! Final score: {score}")
177
178# Make the mouse visible again
179pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
180
181# Quit the game
182pygame.quit()

  1"""
  2Complete Game in Pygame
  3
  4This game demonstrates some of the more advanced features of
  5Pygame, including:
  6- Using sprites to render complex graphics
  7- Handling user mouse input
  8- Basic sound output
  9"""
 10
 11# Import and initialize the pygame library
 12import pygame
 13
 14# To randomize coin placement
 15from random import randint
 16
 17# To find your assets
 18from pathlib import Path
 19
 20# For type hinting
 21from typing import Tuple
 22
 23# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
 24WIDTH = 800
 25HEIGHT = 600
 26
 27# How quickly do you generate coins? Time is in milliseconds
 28coin_countdown = 2500
 29coin_interval = 100
 30
 31# How many coins can be on the screen before you end?
 32COIN_COUNT = 10
 33
 34# Define the Player sprite
 35class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 36    def __init__(self):
 37        """Initialize the player sprite"""
 38        super(Player, self).__init__()
 39
 40        # Get the image to draw for the player
 41        player_image = str(
 42            Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "alien_green_stand.png"
 43        )
 44        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 45        self.surf = pygame.image.load(player_image).convert_alpha()
 46        # Save the rect so you can move it
 47        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
 48
 49    def update(self, pos: Tuple):
 50        """Update the position of the player
 51
 52        Arguments:
 53            pos {Tuple} -- the (X,Y) position to move the player
 54        """
 55        self.rect.center = pos
 56
 57# Define the Coin sprite
 58class Coin(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 59    def __init__(self):
 60        """Initialize the coin sprite"""
 61        super(Coin, self).__init__()
 62
 63        # Get the image to draw for the coin
 64        coin_image = str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "coin_gold.png")
 65
 66        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 67        self.surf = pygame.image.load(coin_image).convert_alpha()
 68
 69        # The starting position is randomly generated
 70        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
 71            center=(
 72                randint(10, WIDTH - 10),
 73                randint(10, HEIGHT - 10),
 74            )
 75        )
 76
 77# Initialize the Pygame engine
 78pygame.init()
 79
 80# Set up the drawing window
 81screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size=[WIDTH, HEIGHT])
 82
 83# Hide the mouse cursor
 84pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
 85
 86# Set up the clock for a decent frame rate
 87clock = pygame.time.Clock()
 88
 89# Create a custom event for adding a new coin
 90ADDCOIN = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
 91pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
 92
 93# Set up the coin_list
 94coin_list = pygame.sprite.Group()
 95
 96# Initialize the score
 97score = 0
 98
 99# Set up the coin pickup sound
100coin_pickup_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(
101    str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "sounds" / "coin_pickup.wav")
102)
103
104# Create a player sprite and set its initial position
105player = Player()
106player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
107
108# Run until you get to an end condition
109running = True
110while running:
111
112    # Did the user click the window close button?
113    for event in pygame.event.get():
114        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
115            running = False
116
117        # Should you add a new coin?
118        elif event.type == ADDCOIN:
119            # Create a new coin and add it to the coin_list
120            new_coin = Coin()
121            coin_list.add(new_coin)
122
123            # Speed things up if fewer than three coins are on-screen
124            if len(coin_list) < 3:
125                coin_countdown -= coin_interval
126            # Need to have some interval
127            if coin_countdown < 100:
128                coin_countdown = 100
129
130            # Stop the previous timer by setting the interval to 0
131            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, 0)
132
133            # Start a new timer
134            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
135
136    # Update the player position
137    player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
138
139    # Check if the player has collided with a coin, removing the coin if so
140    coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(
141        sprite=player, group=coin_list, dokill=True
142    )
143    for coin in coins_collected:
144        # Each coin is worth 10 points
145        score += 10
146        # Play the coin collected sound
147        coin_pickup_sound.play()
148
149    # Are there too many coins on the screen?
150    if len(coin_list) >= COIN_COUNT:
151        # This counts as an end condition, so you end your game loop
152        running = False
153
154    # To render the screen, first fill the background with pink
155    screen.fill((255, 170, 164))
156
157    # Draw the coins next
158    for coin in coin_list:
159        screen.blit(coin.surf, coin.rect)
160
161    # Then draw the player
162    screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)
163
164    # Finally, draw the score at the bottom left
165    score_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 36)
166    score_block = score_font.render(f"Score: {score}", False, (0, 0, 0))
167    screen.blit(score_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
168
169    # Flip the display to make everything appear
170    pygame.display.flip()
171
172    # Ensure you maintain a 30 frames per second rate
173    clock.tick(30)
174
175# Done! Print the final score
176print(f"Game over! Final score: {score}")
177
178# Make the mouse visible again
179pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
180
181# Quit the game
182pygame.quit()

 1"""
 2Basic "Hello, World!" program in Pygame
 3
 4This program is designed to demonstrate the basic capabilities
 5of Pygame. It will:
 6- Create a game window
 7- Fill the background with white
 8- Draw some basic shapes in different colors
 9- Draw some text in a specified size and color
10- Allow you to close the window
11"""
12
13# Import and initialize the pygame library
14import pygame
15
16pygame.init()
17
18# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
19WIDTH = 800
20HEIGHT = 600
21
22# Set up the drawing window
23screen = pygame.display.set_mode([WIDTH, HEIGHT])
24
25# Run until the user asks to quit
26running = True
27while running:
28
29    # Did the user click the window close button?
30    for event in pygame.event.get():
31        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
32            running = False
33
34    # Fill the background with white
35    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
36
37    # Draw a blue circle with a radius of 50 in the center of the screen
38    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255), (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2), 50)
39
40    # Draw a red-outlined square in the top-left corner of the screen
41    red_square = pygame.Rect((50, 50), (100, 100))
42    pygame.draw.rect(screen, (200, 0, 0), red_square, 1)
43
44    # Draw an orange caption along the bottom in 60-point font
45    text_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 60)
46    text_block = text_font.render(
47        "Hello, World! From Pygame", False, (200, 100, 0)
48    )
49    screen.blit(text_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
50
51    # Flip the display
52    pygame.display.flip()
53
54# Done! Time to quit.
55pygame.quit()

 1"""
 2Basic "Hello, World!" program in Pygame
 3
 4This program is designed to demonstrate the basic capabilities
 5of Pygame. It will:
 6- Create a game window
 7- Fill the background with white
 8- Draw some basic shapes in different colors
 9- Draw some text in a specified size and color
10- Allow you to close the window
11"""
12
13# Import and initialize the pygame library
14import pygame
15
16pygame.init()
17
18# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
19WIDTH = 800
20HEIGHT = 600
21
22# Set up the drawing window
23screen = pygame.display.set_mode([WIDTH, HEIGHT])
24
25# Run until the user asks to quit
26running = True
27while running:
28
29    # Did the user click the window close button?
30    for event in pygame.event.get():
31        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
32            running = False
33
34    # Fill the background with white
35    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
36
37    # Draw a blue circle with a radius of 50 in the center of the screen
38    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255), (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2), 50)
39
40    # Draw a red-outlined square in the top-left corner of the screen
41    red_square = pygame.Rect((50, 50), (100, 100))
42    pygame.draw.rect(screen, (200, 0, 0), red_square, 1)
43
44    # Draw an orange caption along the bottom in 60-point font
45    text_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 60)
46    text_block = text_font.render(
47        "Hello, World! From Pygame", False, (200, 100, 0)
48    )
49    screen.blit(text_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
50
51    # Flip the display
52    pygame.display.flip()
53
54# Done! Time to quit.
55pygame.quit()

  1"""
  2Complete Game in Pygame
  3
  4This game demonstrates some of the more advanced features of
  5Pygame, including:
  6- Using sprites to render complex graphics
  7- Handling user mouse input
  8- Basic sound output
  9"""
 10
 11# Import and initialize the pygame library
 12import pygame
 13
 14# To randomize coin placement
 15from random import randint
 16
 17# To find your assets
 18from pathlib import Path
 19
 20# For type hinting
 21from typing import Tuple
 22
 23# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
 24WIDTH = 800
 25HEIGHT = 600
 26
 27# How quickly do you generate coins? Time is in milliseconds
 28coin_countdown = 2500
 29coin_interval = 100
 30
 31# How many coins can be on the screen before you end?
 32COIN_COUNT = 10
 33
 34# Define the Player sprite
 35class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 36    def __init__(self):
 37        """Initialize the player sprite"""
 38        super(Player, self).__init__()
 39
 40        # Get the image to draw for the player
 41        player_image = str(
 42            Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "alien_green_stand.png"
 43        )
 44        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 45        self.surf = pygame.image.load(player_image).convert_alpha()
 46        # Save the rect so you can move it
 47        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
 48
 49    def update(self, pos: Tuple):
 50        """Update the position of the player
 51
 52        Arguments:
 53            pos {Tuple} -- the (X,Y) position to move the player
 54        """
 55        self.rect.center = pos
 56
 57# Define the Coin sprite
 58class Coin(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 59    def __init__(self):
 60        """Initialize the coin sprite"""
 61        super(Coin, self).__init__()
 62
 63        # Get the image to draw for the coin
 64        coin_image = str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "coin_gold.png")
 65
 66        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 67        self.surf = pygame.image.load(coin_image).convert_alpha()
 68
 69        # The starting position is randomly generated
 70        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
 71            center=(
 72                randint(10, WIDTH - 10),
 73                randint(10, HEIGHT - 10),
 74            )
 75        )
 76
 77# Initialize the Pygame engine
 78pygame.init()
 79
 80# Set up the drawing window
 81screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size=[WIDTH, HEIGHT])
 82
 83# Hide the mouse cursor
 84pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
 85
 86# Set up the clock for a decent frame rate
 87clock = pygame.time.Clock()
 88
 89# Create a custom event for adding a new coin
 90ADDCOIN = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
 91pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
 92
 93# Set up the coin_list
 94coin_list = pygame.sprite.Group()
 95
 96# Initialize the score
 97score = 0
 98
 99# Set up the coin pickup sound
100coin_pickup_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(
101    str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "sounds" / "coin_pickup.wav")
102)
103
104# Create a player sprite and set its initial position
105player = Player()
106player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
107
108# Run until you get to an end condition
109running = True
110while running:
111
112    # Did the user click the window close button?
113    for event in pygame.event.get():
114        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
115            running = False
116
117        # Should you add a new coin?
118        elif event.type == ADDCOIN:
119            # Create a new coin and add it to the coin_list
120            new_coin = Coin()
121            coin_list.add(new_coin)
122
123            # Speed things up if fewer than three coins are on-screen
124            if len(coin_list) < 3:
125                coin_countdown -= coin_interval
126            # Need to have some interval
127            if coin_countdown < 100:
128                coin_countdown = 100
129
130            # Stop the previous timer by setting the interval to 0
131            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, 0)
132
133            # Start a new timer
134            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
135
136    # Update the player position
137    player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
138
139    # Check if the player has collided with a coin, removing the coin if so
140    coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(
141        sprite=player, group=coin_list, dokill=True
142    )
143    for coin in coins_collected:
144        # Each coin is worth 10 points
145        score += 10
146        # Play the coin collected sound
147        coin_pickup_sound.play()
148
149    # Are there too many coins on the screen?
150    if len(coin_list) >= COIN_COUNT:
151        # This counts as an end condition, so you end your game loop
152        running = False
153
154    # To render the screen, first fill the background with pink
155    screen.fill((255, 170, 164))
156
157    # Draw the coins next
158    for coin in coin_list:
159        screen.blit(coin.surf, coin.rect)
160
161    # Then draw the player
162    screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)
163
164    # Finally, draw the score at the bottom left
165    score_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 36)
166    score_block = score_font.render(f"Score: {score}", False, (0, 0, 0))
167    screen.blit(score_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
168
169    # Flip the display to make everything appear
170    pygame.display.flip()
171
172    # Ensure you maintain a 30 frames per second rate
173    clock.tick(30)
174
175# Done! Print the final score
176print(f"Game over! Final score: {score}")
177
178# Make the mouse visible again
179pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
180
181# Quit the game
182pygame.quit()

  1"""
  2Complete Game in Pygame
  3
  4This game demonstrates some of the more advanced features of
  5Pygame, including:
  6- Using sprites to render complex graphics
  7- Handling user mouse input
  8- Basic sound output
  9"""
 10
 11# Import and initialize the pygame library
 12import pygame
 13
 14# To randomize coin placement
 15from random import randint
 16
 17# To find your assets
 18from pathlib import Path
 19
 20# For type hinting
 21from typing import Tuple
 22
 23# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
 24WIDTH = 800
 25HEIGHT = 600
 26
 27# How quickly do you generate coins? Time is in milliseconds
 28coin_countdown = 2500
 29coin_interval = 100
 30
 31# How many coins can be on the screen before you end?
 32COIN_COUNT = 10
 33
 34# Define the Player sprite
 35class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 36    def __init__(self):
 37        """Initialize the player sprite"""
 38        super(Player, self).__init__()
 39
 40        # Get the image to draw for the player
 41        player_image = str(
 42            Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "alien_green_stand.png"
 43        )
 44        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 45        self.surf = pygame.image.load(player_image).convert_alpha()
 46        # Save the rect so you can move it
 47        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
 48
 49    def update(self, pos: Tuple):
 50        """Update the position of the player
 51
 52        Arguments:
 53            pos {Tuple} -- the (X,Y) position to move the player
 54        """
 55        self.rect.center = pos
 56
 57# Define the Coin sprite
 58class Coin(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 59    def __init__(self):
 60        """Initialize the coin sprite"""
 61        super(Coin, self).__init__()
 62
 63        # Get the image to draw for the coin
 64        coin_image = str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "coin_gold.png")
 65
 66        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 67        self.surf = pygame.image.load(coin_image).convert_alpha()
 68
 69        # The starting position is randomly generated
 70        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
 71            center=(
 72                randint(10, WIDTH - 10),
 73                randint(10, HEIGHT - 10),
 74            )
 75        )
 76
 77# Initialize the Pygame engine
 78pygame.init()
 79
 80# Set up the drawing window
 81screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size=[WIDTH, HEIGHT])
 82
 83# Hide the mouse cursor
 84pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
 85
 86# Set up the clock for a decent frame rate
 87clock = pygame.time.Clock()
 88
 89# Create a custom event for adding a new coin
 90ADDCOIN = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
 91pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
 92
 93# Set up the coin_list
 94coin_list = pygame.sprite.Group()
 95
 96# Initialize the score
 97score = 0
 98
 99# Set up the coin pickup sound
100coin_pickup_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(
101    str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "sounds" / "coin_pickup.wav")
102)
103
104# Create a player sprite and set its initial position
105player = Player()
106player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
107
108# Run until you get to an end condition
109running = True
110while running:
111
112    # Did the user click the window close button?
113    for event in pygame.event.get():
114        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
115            running = False
116
117        # Should you add a new coin?
118        elif event.type == ADDCOIN:
119            # Create a new coin and add it to the coin_list
120            new_coin = Coin()
121            coin_list.add(new_coin)
122
123            # Speed things up if fewer than three coins are on-screen
124            if len(coin_list) < 3:
125                coin_countdown -= coin_interval
126            # Need to have some interval
127            if coin_countdown < 100:
128                coin_countdown = 100
129
130            # Stop the previous timer by setting the interval to 0
131            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, 0)
132
133            # Start a new timer
134            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
135
136    # Update the player position
137    player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
138
139    # Check if the player has collided with a coin, removing the coin if so
140    coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(
141        sprite=player, group=coin_list, dokill=True
142    )
143    for coin in coins_collected:
144        # Each coin is worth 10 points
145        score += 10
146        # Play the coin collected sound
147        coin_pickup_sound.play()
148
149    # Are there too many coins on the screen?
150    if len(coin_list) >= COIN_COUNT:
151        # This counts as an end condition, so you end your game loop
152        running = False
153
154    # To render the screen, first fill the background with pink
155    screen.fill((255, 170, 164))
156
157    # Draw the coins next
158    for coin in coin_list:
159        screen.blit(coin.surf, coin.rect)
160
161    # Then draw the player
162    screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)
163
164    # Finally, draw the score at the bottom left
165    score_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 36)
166    score_block = score_font.render(f"Score: {score}", False, (0, 0, 0))
167    screen.blit(score_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
168
169    # Flip the display to make everything appear
170    pygame.display.flip()
171
172    # Ensure you maintain a 30 frames per second rate
173    clock.tick(30)
174
175# Done! Print the final score
176print(f"Game over! Final score: {score}")
177
178# Make the mouse visible again
179pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
180
181# Quit the game
182pygame.quit()

  1"""
  2Complete Game in Pygame
  3
  4This game demonstrates some of the more advanced features of
  5Pygame, including:
  6- Using sprites to render complex graphics
  7- Handling user mouse input
  8- Basic sound output
  9"""
 10
 11# Import and initialize the pygame library
 12import pygame
 13
 14# To randomize coin placement
 15from random import randint
 16
 17# To find your assets
 18from pathlib import Path
 19
 20# For type hinting
 21from typing import Tuple
 22
 23# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
 24WIDTH = 800
 25HEIGHT = 600
 26
 27# How quickly do you generate coins? Time is in milliseconds
 28coin_countdown = 2500
 29coin_interval = 100
 30
 31# How many coins can be on the screen before you end?
 32COIN_COUNT = 10
 33
 34# Define the Player sprite
 35class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 36    def __init__(self):
 37        """Initialize the player sprite"""
 38        super(Player, self).__init__()
 39
 40        # Get the image to draw for the player
 41        player_image = str(
 42            Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "alien_green_stand.png"
 43        )
 44        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 45        self.surf = pygame.image.load(player_image).convert_alpha()
 46        # Save the rect so you can move it
 47        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
 48
 49    def update(self, pos: Tuple):
 50        """Update the position of the player
 51
 52        Arguments:
 53            pos {Tuple} -- the (X,Y) position to move the player
 54        """
 55        self.rect.center = pos
 56
 57# Define the Coin sprite
 58class Coin(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 59    def __init__(self):
 60        """Initialize the coin sprite"""
 61        super(Coin, self).__init__()
 62
 63        # Get the image to draw for the coin
 64        coin_image = str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "coin_gold.png")
 65
 66        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 67        self.surf = pygame.image.load(coin_image).convert_alpha()
 68
 69        # The starting position is randomly generated
 70        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
 71            center=(
 72                randint(10, WIDTH - 10),
 73                randint(10, HEIGHT - 10),
 74            )
 75        )
 76
 77# Initialize the Pygame engine
 78pygame.init()
 79
 80# Set up the drawing window
 81screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size=[WIDTH, HEIGHT])
 82
 83# Hide the mouse cursor
 84pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
 85
 86# Set up the clock for a decent frame rate
 87clock = pygame.time.Clock()
 88
 89# Create a custom event for adding a new coin
 90ADDCOIN = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
 91pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
 92
 93# Set up the coin_list
 94coin_list = pygame.sprite.Group()
 95
 96# Initialize the score
 97score = 0
 98
 99# Set up the coin pickup sound
100coin_pickup_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(
101    str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "sounds" / "coin_pickup.wav")
102)
103
104# Create a player sprite and set its initial position
105player = Player()
106player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
107
108# Run until you get to an end condition
109running = True
110while running:
111
112    # Did the user click the window close button?
113    for event in pygame.event.get():
114        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
115            running = False
116
117        # Should you add a new coin?
118        elif event.type == ADDCOIN:
119            # Create a new coin and add it to the coin_list
120            new_coin = Coin()
121            coin_list.add(new_coin)
122
123            # Speed things up if fewer than three coins are on-screen
124            if len(coin_list) < 3:
125                coin_countdown -= coin_interval
126            # Need to have some interval
127            if coin_countdown < 100:
128                coin_countdown = 100
129
130            # Stop the previous timer by setting the interval to 0
131            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, 0)
132
133            # Start a new timer
134            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
135
136    # Update the player position
137    player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
138
139    # Check if the player has collided with a coin, removing the coin if so
140    coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(
141        sprite=player, group=coin_list, dokill=True
142    )
143    for coin in coins_collected:
144        # Each coin is worth 10 points
145        score += 10
146        # Play the coin collected sound
147        coin_pickup_sound.play()
148
149    # Are there too many coins on the screen?
150    if len(coin_list) >= COIN_COUNT:
151        # This counts as an end condition, so you end your game loop
152        running = False
153
154    # To render the screen, first fill the background with pink
155    screen.fill((255, 170, 164))
156
157    # Draw the coins next
158    for coin in coin_list:
159        screen.blit(coin.surf, coin.rect)
160
161    # Then draw the player
162    screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)
163
164    # Finally, draw the score at the bottom left
165    score_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 36)
166    score_block = score_font.render(f"Score: {score}", False, (0, 0, 0))
167    screen.blit(score_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
168
169    # Flip the display to make everything appear
170    pygame.display.flip()
171
172    # Ensure you maintain a 30 frames per second rate
173    clock.tick(30)
174
175# Done! Print the final score
176print(f"Game over! Final score: {score}")
177
178# Make the mouse visible again
179pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
180
181# Quit the game
182pygame.quit()

 1"""
 2Basic "Hello, World!" program in Pygame
 3
 4This program is designed to demonstrate the basic capabilities
 5of Pygame. It will:
 6- Create a game window
 7- Fill the background with white
 8- Draw some basic shapes in different colors
 9- Draw some text in a specified size and color
10- Allow you to close the window
11"""
12
13# Import and initialize the pygame library
14import pygame
15
16pygame.init()
17
18# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
19WIDTH = 800
20HEIGHT = 600
21
22# Set up the drawing window
23screen = pygame.display.set_mode([WIDTH, HEIGHT])
24
25# Run until the user asks to quit
26running = True
27while running:
28
29    # Did the user click the window close button?
30    for event in pygame.event.get():
31        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
32            running = False
33
34    # Fill the background with white
35    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
36
37    # Draw a blue circle with a radius of 50 in the center of the screen
38    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255), (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2), 50)
39
40    # Draw a red-outlined square in the top-left corner of the screen
41    red_square = pygame.Rect((50, 50), (100, 100))
42    pygame.draw.rect(screen, (200, 0, 0), red_square, 1)
43
44    # Draw an orange caption along the bottom in 60-point font
45    text_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 60)
46    text_block = text_font.render(
47        "Hello, World! From Pygame", False, (200, 100, 0)
48    )
49    screen.blit(text_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
50
51    # Flip the display
52    pygame.display.flip()
53
54# Done! Time to quit.
55pygame.quit()

 1"""
 2Basic "Hello, World!" program in Pygame
 3
 4This program is designed to demonstrate the basic capabilities
 5of Pygame. It will:
 6- Create a game window
 7- Fill the background with white
 8- Draw some basic shapes in different colors
 9- Draw some text in a specified size and color
10- Allow you to close the window
11"""
12
13# Import and initialize the pygame library
14import pygame
15
16pygame.init()
17
18# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
19WIDTH = 800
20HEIGHT = 600
21
22# Set up the drawing window
23screen = pygame.display.set_mode([WIDTH, HEIGHT])
24
25# Run until the user asks to quit
26running = True
27while running:
28
29    # Did the user click the window close button?
30    for event in pygame.event.get():
31        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
32            running = False
33
34    # Fill the background with white
35    screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
36
37    # Draw a blue circle with a radius of 50 in the center of the screen
38    pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255), (WIDTH // 2, HEIGHT // 2), 50)
39
40    # Draw a red-outlined square in the top-left corner of the screen
41    red_square = pygame.Rect((50, 50), (100, 100))
42    pygame.draw.rect(screen, (200, 0, 0), red_square, 1)
43
44    # Draw an orange caption along the bottom in 60-point font
45    text_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 60)
46    text_block = text_font.render(
47        "Hello, World! From Pygame", False, (200, 100, 0)
48    )
49    screen.blit(text_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
50
51    # Flip the display
52    pygame.display.flip()
53
54# Done! Time to quit.
55pygame.quit()

  1"""
  2Complete Game in Pygame
  3
  4This game demonstrates some of the more advanced features of
  5Pygame, including:
  6- Using sprites to render complex graphics
  7- Handling user mouse input
  8- Basic sound output
  9"""
 10
 11# Import and initialize the pygame library
 12import pygame
 13
 14# To randomize coin placement
 15from random import randint
 16
 17# To find your assets
 18from pathlib import Path
 19
 20# For type hinting
 21from typing import Tuple
 22
 23# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
 24WIDTH = 800
 25HEIGHT = 600
 26
 27# How quickly do you generate coins? Time is in milliseconds
 28coin_countdown = 2500
 29coin_interval = 100
 30
 31# How many coins can be on the screen before you end?
 32COIN_COUNT = 10
 33
 34# Define the Player sprite
 35class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 36    def __init__(self):
 37        """Initialize the player sprite"""
 38        super(Player, self).__init__()
 39
 40        # Get the image to draw for the player
 41        player_image = str(
 42            Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "alien_green_stand.png"
 43        )
 44        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 45        self.surf = pygame.image.load(player_image).convert_alpha()
 46        # Save the rect so you can move it
 47        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
 48
 49    def update(self, pos: Tuple):
 50        """Update the position of the player
 51
 52        Arguments:
 53            pos {Tuple} -- the (X,Y) position to move the player
 54        """
 55        self.rect.center = pos
 56
 57# Define the Coin sprite
 58class Coin(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 59    def __init__(self):
 60        """Initialize the coin sprite"""
 61        super(Coin, self).__init__()
 62
 63        # Get the image to draw for the coin
 64        coin_image = str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "coin_gold.png")
 65
 66        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 67        self.surf = pygame.image.load(coin_image).convert_alpha()
 68
 69        # The starting position is randomly generated
 70        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
 71            center=(
 72                randint(10, WIDTH - 10),
 73                randint(10, HEIGHT - 10),
 74            )
 75        )
 76
 77# Initialize the Pygame engine
 78pygame.init()
 79
 80# Set up the drawing window
 81screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size=[WIDTH, HEIGHT])
 82
 83# Hide the mouse cursor
 84pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
 85
 86# Set up the clock for a decent frame rate
 87clock = pygame.time.Clock()
 88
 89# Create a custom event for adding a new coin
 90ADDCOIN = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
 91pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
 92
 93# Set up the coin_list
 94coin_list = pygame.sprite.Group()
 95
 96# Initialize the score
 97score = 0
 98
 99# Set up the coin pickup sound
100coin_pickup_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(
101    str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "sounds" / "coin_pickup.wav")
102)
103
104# Create a player sprite and set its initial position
105player = Player()
106player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
107
108# Run until you get to an end condition
109running = True
110while running:
111
112    # Did the user click the window close button?
113    for event in pygame.event.get():
114        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
115            running = False
116
117        # Should you add a new coin?
118        elif event.type == ADDCOIN:
119            # Create a new coin and add it to the coin_list
120            new_coin = Coin()
121            coin_list.add(new_coin)
122
123            # Speed things up if fewer than three coins are on-screen
124            if len(coin_list) < 3:
125                coin_countdown -= coin_interval
126            # Need to have some interval
127            if coin_countdown < 100:
128                coin_countdown = 100
129
130            # Stop the previous timer by setting the interval to 0
131            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, 0)
132
133            # Start a new timer
134            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
135
136    # Update the player position
137    player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
138
139    # Check if the player has collided with a coin, removing the coin if so
140    coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(
141        sprite=player, group=coin_list, dokill=True
142    )
143    for coin in coins_collected:
144        # Each coin is worth 10 points
145        score += 10
146        # Play the coin collected sound
147        coin_pickup_sound.play()
148
149    # Are there too many coins on the screen?
150    if len(coin_list) >= COIN_COUNT:
151        # This counts as an end condition, so you end your game loop
152        running = False
153
154    # To render the screen, first fill the background with pink
155    screen.fill((255, 170, 164))
156
157    # Draw the coins next
158    for coin in coin_list:
159        screen.blit(coin.surf, coin.rect)
160
161    # Then draw the player
162    screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)
163
164    # Finally, draw the score at the bottom left
165    score_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 36)
166    score_block = score_font.render(f"Score: {score}", False, (0, 0, 0))
167    screen.blit(score_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
168
169    # Flip the display to make everything appear
170    pygame.display.flip()
171
172    # Ensure you maintain a 30 frames per second rate
173    clock.tick(30)
174
175# Done! Print the final score
176print(f"Game over! Final score: {score}")
177
178# Make the mouse visible again
179pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
180
181# Quit the game
182pygame.quit()

Phần cuối của vòng lặp trò chơi xảy ra trên dòng 52, khi mọi thứ được vẽ trước đó được hiển thị trên màn hình. Nếu không có dòng này, sẽ không có gì được hiển thị.line 52, when everything that was previously drawn is shown on the display. Without this line, nothing would be displayed.

Để chạy mã này, hãy sử dụng lệnh sau:

(venv) $ python pygame/pygame_basic.py

Bạn sẽ thấy một cửa sổ xuất hiện với hình ảnh được hiển thị ở trên. Xin chúc mừng! Bạn vừa chạy chương trình pygame đầu tiên của bạn!

Ứng dụng nâng cao

Tất nhiên, Pygame được thiết kế để viết các trò chơi bằng Python. Để khám phá các khả năng và yêu cầu của một trò chơi pygame thực tế, bạn sẽ kiểm tra một trò chơi được viết bằng pygame với các chi tiết sau:

• Người chơi là một sprite duy nhất trên màn hình, được điều khiển bằng cách di chuyển chuột.
• Trong các khoảng thời gian đều đặn, các đồng tiền xuất hiện trên màn hình từng cái một.
• Khi người chơi di chuyển qua mỗi đồng xu, nó biến mất và người chơi được trao mười điểm.
• Khi trò chơi tiến triển, tiền được thêm nhanh hơn.
• Trò chơi kết thúc khi có hơn mười đồng xu có thể nhìn thấy trên màn hình.

Khi xong, trò chơi sẽ trông giống như thế này:

Mã hoàn chỉnh cho trò chơi này có thể được tìm thấy trong các tài liệu đã tải xuống và bên dưới:

  1"""
  2Complete Game in Pygame
  3
  4This game demonstrates some of the more advanced features of
  5Pygame, including:
  6- Using sprites to render complex graphics
  7- Handling user mouse input
  8- Basic sound output
  9"""
 10
 11# Import and initialize the pygame library
 12import pygame
 13
 14# To randomize coin placement
 15from random import randint
 16
 17# To find your assets
 18from pathlib import Path
 19
 20# For type hinting
 21from typing import Tuple
 22
 23# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
 24WIDTH = 800
 25HEIGHT = 600
 26
 27# How quickly do you generate coins? Time is in milliseconds
 28coin_countdown = 2500
 29coin_interval = 100
 30
 31# How many coins can be on the screen before you end?
 32COIN_COUNT = 10
 33
 34# Define the Player sprite
 35class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 36    def __init__(self):
 37        """Initialize the player sprite"""
 38        super(Player, self).__init__()
 39
 40        # Get the image to draw for the player
 41        player_image = str(
 42            Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "alien_green_stand.png"
 43        )
 44        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 45        self.surf = pygame.image.load(player_image).convert_alpha()
 46        # Save the rect so you can move it
 47        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
 48
 49    def update(self, pos: Tuple):
 50        """Update the position of the player
 51
 52        Arguments:
 53            pos {Tuple} -- the (X,Y) position to move the player
 54        """
 55        self.rect.center = pos
 56
 57# Define the Coin sprite
 58class Coin(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 59    def __init__(self):
 60        """Initialize the coin sprite"""
 61        super(Coin, self).__init__()
 62
 63        # Get the image to draw for the coin
 64        coin_image = str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "coin_gold.png")
 65
 66        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 67        self.surf = pygame.image.load(coin_image).convert_alpha()
 68
 69        # The starting position is randomly generated
 70        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
 71            center=(
 72                randint(10, WIDTH - 10),
 73                randint(10, HEIGHT - 10),
 74            )
 75        )
 76
 77# Initialize the Pygame engine
 78pygame.init()
 79
 80# Set up the drawing window
 81screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size=[WIDTH, HEIGHT])
 82
 83# Hide the mouse cursor
 84pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
 85
 86# Set up the clock for a decent frame rate
 87clock = pygame.time.Clock()
 88
 89# Create a custom event for adding a new coin
 90ADDCOIN = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
 91pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
 92
 93# Set up the coin_list
 94coin_list = pygame.sprite.Group()
 95
 96# Initialize the score
 97score = 0
 98
 99# Set up the coin pickup sound
100coin_pickup_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(
101    str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "sounds" / "coin_pickup.wav")
102)
103
104# Create a player sprite and set its initial position
105player = Player()
106player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
107
108# Run until you get to an end condition
109running = True
110while running:
111
112    # Did the user click the window close button?
113    for event in pygame.event.get():
114        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
115            running = False
116
117        # Should you add a new coin?
118        elif event.type == ADDCOIN:
119            # Create a new coin and add it to the coin_list
120            new_coin = Coin()
121            coin_list.add(new_coin)
122
123            # Speed things up if fewer than three coins are on-screen
124            if len(coin_list) < 3:
125                coin_countdown -= coin_interval
126            # Need to have some interval
127            if coin_countdown < 100:
128                coin_countdown = 100
129
130            # Stop the previous timer by setting the interval to 0
131            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, 0)
132
133            # Start a new timer
134            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
135
136    # Update the player position
137    player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
138
139    # Check if the player has collided with a coin, removing the coin if so
140    coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(
141        sprite=player, group=coin_list, dokill=True
142    )
143    for coin in coins_collected:
144        # Each coin is worth 10 points
145        score += 10
146        # Play the coin collected sound
147        coin_pickup_sound.play()
148
149    # Are there too many coins on the screen?
150    if len(coin_list) >= COIN_COUNT:
151        # This counts as an end condition, so you end your game loop
152        running = False
153
154    # To render the screen, first fill the background with pink
155    screen.fill((255, 170, 164))
156
157    # Draw the coins next
158    for coin in coin_list:
159        screen.blit(coin.surf, coin.rect)
160
161    # Then draw the player
162    screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)
163
164    # Finally, draw the score at the bottom left
165    score_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 36)
166    score_block = score_font.render(f"Score: {score}", False, (0, 0, 0))
167    screen.blit(score_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
168
169    # Flip the display to make everything appear
170    pygame.display.flip()
171
172    # Ensure you maintain a 30 frames per second rate
173    clock.tick(30)
174
175# Done! Print the final score
176print(f"Game over! Final score: {score}")
177
178# Make the mouse visible again
179pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
180
181# Quit the game
182pygame.quit()

Sprites trong pygame cung cấp một số chức năng cơ bản, nhưng chúng được thiết kế để được phân lớp thay vì tự sử dụng. Pygame Sprites don lồng có hình ảnh liên quan đến chúng theo mặc định và họ có thể tự mình định vị.

Để vẽ đúng và quản lý người chơi và đồng xu trên màn hình, một lớp

  1"""
  2Complete Game in Pygame
  3
  4This game demonstrates some of the more advanced features of
  5Pygame, including:
  6- Using sprites to render complex graphics
  7- Handling user mouse input
  8- Basic sound output
  9"""
 10
 11# Import and initialize the pygame library
 12import pygame
 13
 14# To randomize coin placement
 15from random import randint
 16
 17# To find your assets
 18from pathlib import Path
 19
 20# For type hinting
 21from typing import Tuple
 22
 23# Set the width and height of the output window, in pixels
 24WIDTH = 800
 25HEIGHT = 600
 26
 27# How quickly do you generate coins? Time is in milliseconds
 28coin_countdown = 2500
 29coin_interval = 100
 30
 31# How many coins can be on the screen before you end?
 32COIN_COUNT = 10
 33
 34# Define the Player sprite
 35class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 36    def __init__(self):
 37        """Initialize the player sprite"""
 38        super(Player, self).__init__()
 39
 40        # Get the image to draw for the player
 41        player_image = str(
 42            Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "alien_green_stand.png"
 43        )
 44        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 45        self.surf = pygame.image.load(player_image).convert_alpha()
 46        # Save the rect so you can move it
 47        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
 48
 49    def update(self, pos: Tuple):
 50        """Update the position of the player
 51
 52        Arguments:
 53            pos {Tuple} -- the (X,Y) position to move the player
 54        """
 55        self.rect.center = pos
 56
 57# Define the Coin sprite
 58class Coin(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
 59    def __init__(self):
 60        """Initialize the coin sprite"""
 61        super(Coin, self).__init__()
 62
 63        # Get the image to draw for the coin
 64        coin_image = str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "images" / "coin_gold.png")
 65
 66        # Load the image, preserve alpha channel for transparency
 67        self.surf = pygame.image.load(coin_image).convert_alpha()
 68
 69        # The starting position is randomly generated
 70        self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
 71            center=(
 72                randint(10, WIDTH - 10),
 73                randint(10, HEIGHT - 10),
 74            )
 75        )
 76
 77# Initialize the Pygame engine
 78pygame.init()
 79
 80# Set up the drawing window
 81screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size=[WIDTH, HEIGHT])
 82
 83# Hide the mouse cursor
 84pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
 85
 86# Set up the clock for a decent frame rate
 87clock = pygame.time.Clock()
 88
 89# Create a custom event for adding a new coin
 90ADDCOIN = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
 91pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
 92
 93# Set up the coin_list
 94coin_list = pygame.sprite.Group()
 95
 96# Initialize the score
 97score = 0
 98
 99# Set up the coin pickup sound
100coin_pickup_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(
101    str(Path.cwd() / "pygame" / "sounds" / "coin_pickup.wav")
102)
103
104# Create a player sprite and set its initial position
105player = Player()
106player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
107
108# Run until you get to an end condition
109running = True
110while running:
111
112    # Did the user click the window close button?
113    for event in pygame.event.get():
114        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
115            running = False
116
117        # Should you add a new coin?
118        elif event.type == ADDCOIN:
119            # Create a new coin and add it to the coin_list
120            new_coin = Coin()
121            coin_list.add(new_coin)
122
123            # Speed things up if fewer than three coins are on-screen
124            if len(coin_list) < 3:
125                coin_countdown -= coin_interval
126            # Need to have some interval
127            if coin_countdown < 100:
128                coin_countdown = 100
129
130            # Stop the previous timer by setting the interval to 0
131            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, 0)
132
133            # Start a new timer
134            pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCOIN, coin_countdown)
135
136    # Update the player position
137    player.update(pygame.mouse.get_pos())
138
139    # Check if the player has collided with a coin, removing the coin if so
140    coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(
141        sprite=player, group=coin_list, dokill=True
142    )
143    for coin in coins_collected:
144        # Each coin is worth 10 points
145        score += 10
146        # Play the coin collected sound
147        coin_pickup_sound.play()
148
149    # Are there too many coins on the screen?
150    if len(coin_list) >= COIN_COUNT:
151        # This counts as an end condition, so you end your game loop
152        running = False
153
154    # To render the screen, first fill the background with pink
155    screen.fill((255, 170, 164))
156
157    # Draw the coins next
158    for coin in coin_list:
159        screen.blit(coin.surf, coin.rect)
160
161    # Then draw the player
162    screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)
163
164    # Finally, draw the score at the bottom left
165    score_font = pygame.font.SysFont("any_font", 36)
166    score_block = score_font.render(f"Score: {score}", False, (0, 0, 0))
167    screen.blit(score_block, (50, HEIGHT - 50))
168
169    # Flip the display to make everything appear
170    pygame.display.flip()
171
172    # Ensure you maintain a 30 frames per second rate
173    clock.tick(30)
174
175# Done! Print the final score
176print(f"Game over! Final score: {score}")
177
178# Make the mouse visible again
179pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
180
181# Quit the game
182pygame.quit()