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Signed in but can't access contentOxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Institutional account managementFor librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Germany's first machine spinning mill, built in 1784 in Ratingen near Düsseldorf, was called "Cromford" after its famous English predecessor, but it did not usher in industrialisation; instead, it stood alone in the farmland. Germany was fragmented into many principalities which levied customs duties at the borders, they also had their own currencies and units of measurement, all of which made it difficult for a market for mass production to develop. At the end of the 18th century, mechanised manufacturing began in isolated cases. The textile industry was also a pioneer in Germany, especially in established locations such as the Rhineland, Silesia and Saxony. The first German spinning machine was constructed in 1782 in Chemnitz, an early centre of mechanical engineering. Coal mining and iron processing developed mainly in Upper Silesia, because there the Prussian state took care of modernisation and aristocratic landowners raised capital for investment: The first coke blast furnaces were built and steam engines were constructed in Gliwice before the turn of the 19th century. The English puddling process for steel production was also adopted there at an early stage. In the Aachen region and in Saarland, both of which were under French rule at the time, coal mining also expanded. At the same time, the first nuclei of the new industries were formed in the farmland along the Ruhr: in 1758, the St Antony ironworks was founded in Oberhausen, from which the "Gutehoffnungshütte", a later giant of heavy industry, emerged at the beginning of the 19th century. The small iron smelter that Friedrich Krupp founded in Essen in 1811 was turned into a global company by his son Alfred, and the engineering factory that opened in Wetter Castle in 1818 developed into the "Demag" group. Two main factors ultimately led to the industrialisation of Germany: in 1834, 18 principalities founded the German Customs Union on the initiative of Prussia. This created an attractive sales market in a large part of Germany - and when the first train ran from Nuremberg to Fürth a year later, an efficient means of transport was also available. In 1839, a long-distance connection was already opened between Leipzig and Dresden. At the inauguration, an English locomotive was used, although the "Saxonia" had been built and was ready for use in Dresden. Two years later steam locomotives rolled out of the workshops of Borsig in Berlin and Maffei in Munich and a railway boom broke out: Borsig developed into the largest locomotive builder in Europe, and companies were founded in Kassel ("Henschel"), Hanover ("Hanomag") and Nuremberg ("MAN") that made a name for themselves in locomotive and later also truck construction. From the middle of the 19th century, railway construction triggered even more rapid growth in the coal and steel industry. Wherever coal was plentiful, the chimneys of the ironworks soon appeared. The Hoesch and Thyssen families of entrepreneurs moved their activities from the Aachen area to the Ruhr. Essen developed into the new centre: there the first deep mining shafts opened up new coal deposits, and the Krupp cast steel factory expanded. The workforce came from abroad or from the Prussian provinces east of the Elbe, where agriculture could no longer feed the rapidly growing population. The villages along the Ruhr grew into towns with overcrowded and dark workers' quarters. On the Saar in Neunkirchen and Burbach, the ironworks also expanded. Industrialisation spread to other industries: In the Kingdom of Saxony, textile processing expanded alongside mechanical engineering, and in the Berlin area textile factories also multiplied. In Silesia, a traditional stronghold of weaving, there were hunger riots by home workers, which drew widespread attention to the darker side of mechanisation. The chemical factories, which supplied raw materials, profited from the upswing in textile production: In the 1860s, the most renowned German chemical companies were founded in quick succession: the "Teer- und Anilinfarbenwerke Bayer" in Barmen on the Wupper, "Hoechst" near Frankfurt am Main and in Ludwigshafen the "Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik" (BASF). The unification of Germany in the Empire in 1871 further accelerated economic growth. Despite the "founders' crisis" of 1873, by the end of the century steel production had overtaken the output of Britain, the mother country of industrialisation. In mechanical engineering, now the largest industrial sector, the number of workers had multiplied and German companies were soon world leaders in two key sectors of the "Second Industrialisation": electrical engineering expanded even faster than chemicals, with the company "Siemens&Halske", founded as early as 1847, and the "AEG" at the top. On the one hand, changes in commercial law contributed to this, which increasingly made it possible for banks and citizens to finance investments by buying shares. On the other hand, far-sighted reforms of the education system had an impact: In many places, trade schools had been expanded into technical colleges, and then further research institutions had been founded, especially in the Berlin area, which further stimulated the economy and gained great international recognition. What process led to German industrialization in the nineteenth century?Germany's industrialization started with the building of railroads in the 1840s and 1850s and the subsequent development of coal mining and iron and steel production, activities that made up what is called the First Industrial Revolution.
What factors led to industrialization in Germany?Leading industries. The central growth engine for industrialization in Germany was railroad construction. The demand generated by the railroad boosted developments in the three closely interrelated key industries: mining, metal production and mechanical engineering.
How did Germany develop in the 19th century?Germany was a little bit behind in the Industrial Revolution, but after Bismarck united Germany with Prussia and Austria, creating or recreating the German Empire, they then did begin to industrialize, develop factories, have more of a shift to people living in urban areas to help support the rising industrialization ...
What did industrialization in Germany lead to?Huge factories were built and turned out more goods at an ever faster pace. Industrialization progressed and the bourgeoisie gained ever more influence. Widespread railway construction also boosted the economy, making mass production and the efficient distribution of goods possible.
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