Utilization is a difficult step toward accurate personality judgment. It is easy to misinterpret relevant, available, and detected behavioral information because the meaning of a behavior changes according to the context in which it occurs and because any given behavior may be influenced by more than one trait. The message conveyed by research on error often is that people are poor at this step. Research such as that just summarized, however, suggests that under the difficult circumstances, it is remarkable that lay perceivers do as well as they do. Show
Variations in utilization no doubt have an important affect on judgmental accuracy. Some people are probably better at interpreting the meaning of behaviors than others (though this has been surprisingly difficult to demonstrate empirically; see Chapter 6). And if the accuracy of personality judgment is ever to be improved, one possible method would be to improve the way people utilize the behavioral information that is relevant, available, and detected (see Chapter 8). View chapterPurchase book Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012269930650006X Problematic Online GamingOrsolya Király, ... Zsolt Demetrovics, in Behavioral Addictions, 2014 Personality AspectsAlthough it can be argued there is no such thing as an “addictive personality,” some personality characteristics seem to favor the development of problematic game use. For instance, several studies examined the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and problematic gaming and found low emotional stability (Charlton & Danforth, 2010; Mehroof & Griffiths, 2010; Nagygyörgy, Mihalik, & Demetrovics, 2012; Peters & Malesky, 2008), low agreeableness (Charlton & Danforth, 2010; Peters & Malesky, 2008), and low extraversion (Charlton & Danforth, 2010) as being associated with the phenomenon. However, in relation to agreeableness and extraversion, the relationship does not seem to be as robust as with that of neuroticism. A possible explanation of these results could be that problematic gamers spend more time gaming to avoid real-life social situations that seem threatening because of low social abilities and/or low emotional stability. To such individuals, online environments may seem safe and be preferred to real-life situations. However, this is speculation on the authors’ part, and empirical research is needed to investigate such a hypothesis. In addition to personality traits, other characteristics have also been examined. A study examining social skills found that the quality of interpersonal relationships decreased and the amount of social anxiety increased as the amount of time spent playing online games increased (Lo, Wang, & Fang, 2005). Problematic gaming has been negatively correlated with offline social self-efficacy and positively correlated with online social self-efficacy (Jeong & Kim, 2011). This echoes with research showing problematic gamers finding it easier to meet people online and having fewer friends in real life than in games (Porter et al., 2010). Inadequate self-regulation (Seay & Kraut, 2007), low self-esteem (Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen, & Yen, 2005; Lemmens et al., 2011), low emotional intelligence (Herodotou, Kambouri, & Winters, 2011), above average state and trait anxiety (Mehroof & Griffiths, 2010), increased feeling of loneliness (Lemmens et al., 2011; Seay & Kraut, 2007), narcissistic personality (Kim et al., 2008), and aggression (Kim et al., 2008; Mehroof & Griffiths, 2010) have also been found to be correlated with problematic online gaming. Additional studies report that problematic online gamers have lower life satisfaction (Ko et al., 2005; Wang, Chen, Lin, & Wang, 2008) and decreased psychosocial well-being compared to other gamers (Lemmens et al., 2011). Because all the findings from these studies are correlational in nature, causal relations are unknown. Thus, Lemmens et al.’s (2011) longitudinal study worked to address this issue. Their analyses indicated that diminished social competence, lower self-esteem, and increased loneliness predicted an increase in problematic gaming 6 months later. Thus, lower psychosocial well-being can be considered an antecedent of problematic gaming among adolescent gamers. The analyses further indicated that loneliness was also a consequence of problematic gaming. This suggests that displacement of real-world social interaction resulting from problematic game use may deteriorate existing relationships, which could explain the increase in adolescent gamers’ feelings of loneliness. View chapterPurchase book Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124077249000045 Literature, Neurology, and NeuroscienceRhonda Boshears, Harry Whitaker, in Progress in Brain Research, 2013 9 EpiloguePhrenology was a noticeable component of Victorian culture that influenced poets and novelists as much as the medical community; just like the response to phrenology in the medical community, some artists embraced it and others satirized it—few ignored it. One of the earliest formalized organizations, The Edinburgh Phrenological Society was founded in 1820; although its last official meeting was in 1870, phrenology’s influence on Western culture continued well past the Victorian period. The British Phrenological Society did not officially disband until February 1967, Mr. Robert Jenkins having served as president of the society from 1965 through 1966; the Ohio Phrenological Society published its own journal The Phrenological Era from 1905 to 1939. Lorenzo Fowler’s porcelain phrenological heads are currently (2013) available on Amazon. In the 2012 movie Django unchained, Leonard DiCaprio’s character, Calvin Candie, discourses on the merits of phrenology at the dinner table, albeit the story is set in the late 1850s. Given the financial opportunities that phrenology provided to the Victorians, it may come as a bit of a surprise that those opportunities exist today. In the state of Michigan, in 2013, phrenologists must be licensed and of course pay a tax on their services. Finally, phrenology has once again captured scientific interest. DeYoung et al.’s (2010) study of personality traits tested the hypothesis that a stronger trait activated a larger area of cortex:
As was pointed out by Franz Joseph Gall long ago, and faithfully repeated through the nineteenth century, phrenology is not merely reading bumps on the skull, it is about the brain functions that underlie our personality and our behavior. Despite modern critics such as Uttal (2001), it just will not go away. View chapterPurchase book Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044463273900006X Personality Development in Adulthood and Old Age☆M. Allemand, ... A.E. Grünenfelder-Steiger, in Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2017 Correlated ChangeTaking a perspective of interindividual differences in individual change may result in an important developmental question whether changes in different personality traits are related over time across individuals, and if so, to what degree. Whereas differential stability addresses the rank-order of change in a single personality factor, the aspect of correlated change covers the amount of correspondence in rank-orders of change across several personality factors such as the Big Five personality traits. Investigating correlated change can address the question of whether there is an overall commonality in change in personality traits but also with other constructs. Empirically, correlated change may be addressed by correlating intraindividual longitudinal change scores in different personality factors. The issue of correlated change is underrepresented in the personality development literature, whereas it is more prominent in other fields of research, particularly in research on cognitive aging (see Allemand and Martin for a discussion of the concept). It is an open question, however, whether changes in the Big Five personality traits are related or not across individuals. It might be that the same underlying causes of change such as social roles, life events, and social environments (see Caspi and Roberts; Roberts, Wood, and Caspi for comprehensive reviews) operate simultaneously on multiple personality constructs such as the Big Five personality traits. To conclude, previous findings on personality trait development across the adult lifespan into old age imply that although there is evidence for average personality trait changes, there are reliable differences in change between individuals. View chapterPurchase book Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128093245065184 Measures of Dark PersonalitiesDelroy L. Paulhus, Daniel N. Jones, in Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs, 2015 ValidityConvergent/ConcurrentThe scale was validated by showing a strong correlation with a 3-item self-report composite of self-perceived attractiveness, intelligence, and popularity. Across four countries those correlations ranged from .40 to .61 (Paunonen et al., 2003). The items also have face validity for narcissistic expression. Divergent/DiscriminantCorrelations with the Big Five personality traits were found to be minimal to modest (Paunonen, 2002). In one sample, they ranged between −.22 (N) and .38 (O). In another sample, they ranged between −.14 (N) and .31 (E). A non-significant correlation emerged with the Egoism Scale (de Vries & van Kampen, 2012). Construct/Factor AnalyticIn second-order factor analyses, the scale loaded on the same meta-factor as other dark traits including manipulation and seduction (Paunonen, 2002). What are the Big 5 personality traits influenced by?The Big Five remain relatively stable throughout most of one's lifetime. They are influenced significantly by both genes and the environment, with an estimated heritability of 50%. They are also known to predict certain important life outcomes such as education and health.
Which Big 5 trait is the most stable?The highest gender-equal stability was found for Openness to Experience and the lowest for Conscientiousness.
What are the Big Five personality traits and why are they important?Definition of Big Five Personality Traits:
The Five Factor Model breaks personality down into five components: Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Openness, and Stress Tolerance. Personality tests that are based on this model measure where an individual lies on the spectrum of each of the five traits.
Which of the Big 5 personality characteristics is most associated with achievement striving?Conscientiousness, or an employee's tendency to be organized, to be dependable and to strive for achievement, is often associated with learning and career success. Conscientious people are motivated to be at the top of their game in both training and work performance.
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