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The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric2nd EditionLawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses 661 solutions The Opposing Sides At the beginning of the war, Britain seemed to have great advantages. A leader in manufacturing, Britain produced more ships and weapons than the colonists did. The British also had an established government, while the Americans were starting from scratch. Meanwhile, the Continental Congress struggled to pay for the war. Lacking the authority to collect taxes, Congress and the states printed paper money to pay their debts, producing inflation that damaged the economy. The Continental soldiers suffered from hunger and cold, while the British troops were well trained and had plenty of supplies. The odds seemed slight that the Patriots could win. The British Make Mistakes In 1775, the British did not take the Patriots seriously as an enemy. Two months after the defeat at Concord, they repeated their mistake at the Battle of Bunker Hill. By fortifying hills overlooking Boston, the Patriots hoped to drive the British from that seaport. To retake the hills, the new British commander, Lord William Howe, ordered a frontal assault by soldiers in the middle of the day. Carrying heavy packs and wearing red uniforms, his men marched uphill straight into a murderous fire from entrenched Patriots. Why did Howe put his soldiers in such a dangerous position? Psychological Victory Howe wanted to win the battle despite giving the Patriots every advantage. That would prove, in another general's words, "that trained troops are invincible against any numbers or any position of untrained rabble." Instead of proving Howe's point, the British suffered a bloodbath as two charges failed. A third charge captured the hills only because the Patriots ran out of ammunition. Technically, the British had won the battle, but they suffered more than twice the Patriot casualties. The Patriots had won a psychological victory. Cannons to the Patriots In January 1776, six months after the Battle of Bunker Hill, Colonel Henry Knox arrived with cannons to reinforce the Patriots outside Boston. His men had hauled the cannons hundreds of miles from upstate New York, where Ethan Allen's men had captured them from Fort Ticonderoga. With Patriot cannons shelling both Boston and the British ships in the harbor, the British abandoned the city in March. The British Misunderstand the Conflict Lord Howe continued to pursue a misguided strategy. The British thought that they were fighting a traditional European war. They believed that the Patriots would surrender if Howe could defeat the Continental Army and capture the major seaports, including Philadelphia, the Patriot capital. In fact, the British accomplished these goals but still lost the war. Further Misunderstandings and Mistakes The British never fully understood that they were fighting a different type of war, a revolutionary war. The Patriots understood that it was a struggle to win the hearts and minds of the civilian population. Instead of surrendering after setbacks, the Patriots kept on fighting. Thomas Paine wrote an inspiring series of essays, The American Crisis, which George Washington read to encourage his troops. Meanwhile, the British further angered colonists when they hired German mercenaries, or soldiers who fought for hire. These "Hessians," as they were called, had a reputation for being particularly brutal. Fill In The Patriots' Strengths Patriot persistence owed much to Washington's leadership. He realized that to preserve his Continental Army from destruction, he could not risk all on a major battle under unfavorable conditions. Outnumbered and often outmaneuvered, Washington lost most of the battles, but his skillful retreats saved his army to fight another day. Patriots Strengths Persistence High motivation Fighting a defensive war Easy mobilization of local militias Weaknesses Being outnumbered (at least a fifth of colonists were Loyalists; another fifth were slaves) Inflation as a result of paper money Low on supplies Fighting the world's most powerful empire The Patriots' Strengths 2 By preserving and inspiring his soldiers, Washington sustained them through incredible hardships. His small but committed army hung together despite the casualties and the soldiers' hunger and ragged clothing. By preoccupying the British army, Washington's Continental Army freed the local militias to suppress the Loyalists in the countryside. Colonists Endure Hard Times To succeed, the Continental Army needed aid and support from the civilian population. Throughout the war, women's work was crucial. Women freed their husbands and sons for military service by running farms and shops. They also made clothing, blankets, and shoes for the soldiers. Without these contributions, the Patriots could not have sustained their army. Issues with Inflation and Currency However, the British navy also blockaded the ports, making many items scarce and expensive. A few colonists took advantage of the shortages by profiteering, or selling rare items at a very high price. Furthermore, the Patriots caused inflation by issuing paper money, which means that the value of money decreased. If farmers sold their crops to the Patriots, they would be paid in "Continentals," paper money issued by the Continental Congress. It would be worth nothing if the Patriots lost. The British army, however, paid for their food in gold. Women's Roles During the war, some women followed their husbands into the army. They received rations for maintaining the camps and washing clothing. A few women even helped fire cannons or served as soldiers by masquerading as men. For her service, Deborah Sampson later won a military pension from Congress. Another story says that Mary Hays became known as Molly Pitcher for delivering water to troops during the battle at Monmouth. Legend says that she stepped in and took her husband's place at the cannon. Great Britain misjudged the Patriots. In 1775, British soldiers under Lord William Howe won the Battle of Bunker Hill in Boston, but later they were forced to abandon the city. Patriot persistence owed much to the leadership of George Washington. What was one difference between the British and American forces at the beginning of the American Revolution? British troops had better training and more supplies. Fill 2 In Why did Lord William Howe send his soldiers straight into enemy fire at the Battle of Bunker Hill? to prove that trained British troops were superior to untrained colonial troops What misguided strategy caused Lord William Howe and the British to fail? fighting a traditional war rather than trying to win the civilian support What was one of General George Washington's skills as a military leader? leading retreats that saved the lives of his men Which of the following advantages were held by the British at the beginning of the war? The British army had more weapons and ships than the Continental Army. Which of the following was one of the Patriots' strengths? the leadership of General George Washington Why did the British suffer heavy casualties at the Battle of Bunker Hill? They did not take the Patriots seriously. Fill 3 In The Frontier War Defying the Proclamation of 1763, colonists had begun to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains in the early 1770s. The outbreak of war between the colonists and the British escalated the frequent skirmishes between settlers and Indians, leading the settlers to claim more Native American lands. Native Americans Support the British The frontier war was especially destructive. Most Indians sided with the British, who had promised to keep the colonists in the East. With British urging, Native Americans increased attacks on colonial settlements in 1777. Meanwhile, white settlers increasingly attacked and killed neutral Native Americans or disregarded truces, beginning a cycle of revenge that continued for years. The War Moves West In the Northwest, Colonel George Rogers Clark led the Patriot militia in the fight against the British. They took the settlements of Kaskaskia and Cahokia in the spring of 1778. By late summer, Clark's 175 soldiers and their French settler allies had captured all the British posts in the areas that would become Indiana and Illinois. The War Moves West 2 The British and their Native American allies responded a few months later, recapturing a fort at Vincennes, Indiana. Clark's men—all unpaid volunteers—quickly rallied, marching from their winter quarters on the shores of the Mississippi River. In late February 1779, they reached Vincennes and convinced many Native Americans to abandon their British allies, allowing the Patriots to recover the fort. At war's end, the Patriot outposts allowed Americans to lay claim to the Ohio River valley. Conflict between the British and Native Americans against the Patriots Meanwhile, in upstate New York, Native American and British forces attacked several frontier outposts in 1779. In return, Patriot troops burned 40 Iroquois towns, destroying the power of the Iroquois League. But the Indians continued to attack settlers with deadly effect, forcing many of them to return east. When Native Americans abandoned their British allies, what effect did this have on the Ohio River Valley? After the war, the Patriot outposts allowed Americans to lay claim to the Ohio River Valley. Fighting west of the Appalachian Mountains, known as the frontier war, was especially destructive, beginning a cycle of revenge and violence involving Native Americans that continued for years. Why was the fighting on the frontier in the Revolution especially destructive? Native Americans attacked colonial settlements, and settlers killed neutral Native Americans. Fill 4 In The War Shifts to the Middle States After the British left Boston in early 1776, they decided to attack New York City and cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. After winning a series of battles, Howe captured the city on September 15. About 30,000 British and German troops nearly crushed the poorly trained Continentals. Military Turning Points Washington began 1777 with another victory. Again moving his troops in the night, Washington inflicted heavy casualties on General Charles Cornwallis's troops at the Battle of Princeton. During the remainder of 1777, however, Washington suffered more defeats. In the fall, he lost Philadelphia to Howe's army. Further Military Turning Points Led by General John Burgoyne, another British army marched from Canada to invade New York's Hudson Valley. Falling into a Patriot trap at Saratoga, Burgoyne surrendered in October. The greatest Patriot victory yet, Saratoga suggested that the United States might just win the war. European Allies Enter the War The victory at Saratoga took on greater importance because it encouraged France to recognize American independence and to enter the war. France welcomed the opportunity to weaken an old enemy, Britain. During the early years of the war, however, the French had doubted that the Patriots could win. Unwilling to risk an open alliance, they had limited their assistance to secret shipments of arms and ammunition. But that covert aid kept the Patriot army alive and fighting. Some French volunteers, including the aristocrat and Patriot general Marquis de Lafayette, also provided military expertise. Alliance with the French After Saratoga, the French risked an open alliance with the United States. Negotiated in February 1778, the alliance reflected the diplomatic genius of Benjamin Franklin, the leading American negotiator in Paris. A cunning gentleman, Franklin became popular in France by presenting himself in public as a simple American who loved the French. As the French army and navy began attacking the British, the war became more equal. Although the first joint operations failed miserably, the alliance would produce the biggest victory of the war in 1781. Further support from Spain The British suffered another blow in 1779 when Spain entered the war as a French ally. The Spanish also wanted to weaken the British, but they feared that American independence would inspire their own colonists to rebel against Spanish rule. Spain was not an official American ally, but the Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, provided money and supplies to the Patriots and prevented British ships from entering the Mississippi River at New Orleans. Which French aristocrat was also a Patriot general? Marquis de Lafayette Fill 5 In The Continental Army Faces Challenges Back in Pennsylvania, Washington's army spent the harsh and hungry winter of 1777 to 1778 at Valley Forge, outside of Philadelphia. The soldiers suffered from a lack of supplies and food. Washington reported to Congress that nearly a third of his 10,000 soldiers had no coats or shoes. Another loss for the British Despite their hardships, the soldiers improved from careful drilling supervised by a German volunteer, Baron von Steuben, who had come to help the Patriots. In June 1778, the British evacuated Philadelphia, retreating across New Jersey to New York City. On the way, they fought off Washington's pursuit at Monmouth, New Jersey. The Continental soldiers demonstrated their improved discipline under fire. Despite having won most of the battles, the British had little to show for it beyond their headquarters in New York City. Despairing of winning in the North, the British turned their attention to the South. Despite early British successes, the tide began to turn in favor of the Patriots after General George Washington led his men in victories at the Battles of Trenton and Princeton. Why were General George Washington's victories at Trenton and Princeton important? They lifted the spirits of Patriots at a time when some had given up hope. What was an important effect of the Battle of Saratoga on the Revolutionary War? The victory encouraged France to form an alliance with the United States. What role did Benjamin Franklin play in relations between France and the United States? Franklin was the main negotiator for the alliance with France. How did Baron von Steuben help American troops during their harsh winter in Valley Forge? Von Steuben drilled the troops to instill discipline. What is one of the major reasons why the Continental Army suffered in Valley Forge?The army's supply of basic necessities, like food and clothing, ran perpetually short; coupled with the wintertime cold, and the diseases that ran rampant through the camp, this lack of provisions created the infamously miserable conditions at Valley Forge.
What challenges did the Continental Army faced at Valley Forge?At Valley Forge, there were shortages of everything from food to clothing to medicine. Washington's men were sick from disease, hunger, and exposure. The Continental Army camped in crude log cabins and endured cold conditions while the Redcoats warmed themselves in colonial homes.
What challenges did the Continental Army face at Valley Forge quizlet?what challenges did continental army face at Valley Forge? the challenges were the cold winter, no basic materials, the decease, no food and no where to live.
What was the biggest problem at Valley Forge?As his army marched into Valley Forge on December 19, Washington hoped that his officers and soldiers, with "one heart" and "one mind," would surmount the troubles that lay ahead of them. The lack of proper clothing was a significant problem.
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