Grounded theory, ethnographic, narrative research, historical, case studies, and phenomenology are several types of qualitative research designs. The proceeding paragraphs give a brief over view several of these qualitative methods. Show
Grounded theory is a systematic procedure of data analysis, typically associated with qualitative research, that allows researchers to develop a theory that explains a specific phenomenon. Grounded theory was developed by Glaser and Strauss and is used to conceptualize phenomenon using research; grounded theory is not seen as a descriptive method and originates from sociology. The unit of analysis in grounded theory is a specific phenomenon or incident, not individual behaviors. The primary data collection method is through interviews of approximately 20 – 30 participants or until data achieves saturation.  Discover How We Assist to Edit Your Dissertation ChaptersAligning theoretical framework, gathering articles, synthesizing gaps, articulating a clear methodology and data plan, and writing about the theoretical and practical implications of your research are part of our comprehensive dissertation editing services.
Ethnographic studies are qualitative procedures utilized to describe, analyze and interpret a culture’s characteristics. Ethnography was developed in the 19thand 20th centuries and used by anthropologists to explore primitive cultures different from their own; it originated from Anthropology. Ethnography is used when a researcher wants to study a group of people to gain a larger understanding of their lives or specific aspects of their lives. The primary data collection method is through observation over an extended period of time. It would also be appropriate to interview others who have studied the same cultures. Phenomenology is used to identify phenomena and focus on subjective experiences and understanding the structure of those lived experiences. It was founded in the early 20th century by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heideggar and originated from philosophy. Phenomenology is used to describe, in depth, the common characteristics of the phenomena that has occurred. The primary data collection method is through in-depth interviews. Case studies are believed to have originated in 1829 by Frederic Le Play. Case studies are rooted in several disciplines, including science, education, medicine, and law. Case studies are to be used when (1) the researcher wants to focus on how and why, (2) the behavior is to be observed, not manipulated, (3) to further understand a given phenomenon, and (4) if the boundaries between the context and phenomena are not clear. Multiple methods can be used to gather data, including interviews, observation, and historical documentation. Phenomenology in business research focuses on experiences, events and occurrences with disregard or minimum regard for the external and physical reality. Phenomenology, also known as non-positivism, is a variation of interpretivism, along with other variations
such as hermeneutics, symbolic interactionism and others. In simple terms, phenomenology can be explained as the science of mindful experience. It focuses on meanings of phenomena. This branch of philosophy “describes the philosophical approach that what is directly perceived and felt is considered more reliable than explanations or interpretations in communication”.[1] In phenomenology ideas
are generated from rich amount of data by the means of induction and human interests, as well as stakeholder perspective may have their reflection on the study. Moreover, phenomenology in business studies is a valuable philosophy for exploring human experiences in management studies. A study analysing the impact of leadership style on employee motivation through conducting in-depth interviews with employees is a suitable example for research with a phenomenology philosophy. Furthermore, a study into work-life balance and its impact on employee performance is another example for phenomenology research in business because such a study needs to describe the experience of sample group members. Phenomenological studies can be divided into three categories:
Advantages and Disadvantages of PhenomenologyAdvantages associated with phenomenology include better understanding of meanings attached by people and its contribution to the development of new theories. Its disadvantages include difficulties with analysis and interpretation, usually lower levels of validity and reliability compared to positivism, and more time and other resources required for data collection. The main advantages and disadvantages associated with positivism and phenomenology are summarized on the following table by Armstrong (2010) as taken from Easterby-Smith et al (1991)[2].
Advantages and disadvantages of positivism and phenomenology[3] My e-book, The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance contains discussions of theory and application of research philosophy. The e-book also explains all stages of the research process starting from the selection of the research area to writing personal reflection. Important elements of dissertations such as research philosophy, research approach, research design, methods of data collection and data analysis are explained in this e-book in simple words. John Dudovskiy [1] Remeyni, D., Williams, B., Money, A. & Swartz, E. (1998) “Doing Research in Business and Management: An Introduction to Process and Method” Sage Publications, p.97 [2] Easterby-Smith, M, Thorpe, R. & Jackson, P. (2008) “Management Research” 3rd ed, SAGE Publications Ltd., London [3] Source: Armstrong (2010), as taken from Easterby-Smith et al (1991) What research aims to describe an experience as the person lives it?Phenomenology is a form of qualitative research that focuses on the study of an individual's lived experiences within the world.
What is the objective of phenomenological research *?The main purposes of phenomenological research are to seek reality from individuals' narratives of their experiences and feelings, and to produce in-depth descriptions of the phenomenon.
Which of the following types of qualitative research is designed to focus on the commonality of a lived experience with a particular group and its aim is to determine?Phenomenology is an approach to qualitative research that focuses on the commonality of a lived experience within a particular group.
Which of the following data collection procedure is done wherein participants are seated together and can hear what others have to say on the issue?Focus groups: In focus groups, the interviewer facilitates the session. A select group of people are brought together, asked questions, encouraged to listen to each other's comments, and have their answers recorded.
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