The concatenation of the "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first3 and "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first4 constants described below. This value is not locale-dependent. Show "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first6¶ The lowercase letters "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first7. This value is not locale-dependent and will not change. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first9¶ The uppercase letters format_spec ::= [[0. This value is not locale-dependent and will not change. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[2¶ The string format_spec ::= [[3. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[5¶ The string format_spec ::= [[6. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[8¶ The concatenation of the strings format_spec ::= [[9 and >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'a, b, c' >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only 'a, b, c' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'c, b, a' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra'0 described below. The specific value is locale-dependent, and will be updated when >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'a, b, c' >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only 'a, b, c' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'c, b, a' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra'1 is called. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'a, b, c' >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only 'a, b, c' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'c, b, a' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra'3¶ A string containing all the characters that are considered lowercase letters. On most systems this is the string "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first7. The specific value is locale-dependent, and will be updated when >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'a, b, c' >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only 'a, b, c' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'c, b, a' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra'1 is called. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'a, b, c' >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only 'a, b, c' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'c, b, a' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra'7¶ The string >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'a, b, c' >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only 'a, b, c' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'c, b, a' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra'8. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W') 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'} >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'0¶ String of ASCII characters which are considered punctuation characters in the >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W') 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'} >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'1 locale. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W') 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'} >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'3¶ String of characters which are considered printable. This is a combination of >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W') 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'} >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'4, >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W') 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'} >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'5, >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W') 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'} >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'6, and >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W') 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'} >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'7. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W') 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'} >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'9¶ A string containing all the characters that are considered uppercase letters. On most systems this is the string format_spec ::= [[0. The specific value is locale-dependent, and will be updated when >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'a, b, c' >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only 'a, b, c' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'c, b, a' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra'1 is called. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'3¶ A string containing all characters that are considered whitespace. On most systems this includes the characters space, tab, linefeed, return, formfeed, and vertical tab. 7.1.2. Custom String Formatting¶New in version 2.6. The built-in str and unicode classes provide the ability to do complex variable substitutions and value formatting via the >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'4 method described in PEP 3101. The >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'5 class in the "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.7 module allows you to create and customize your own string formatting behaviors using the same implementation as the built-in >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'7 method.class "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'9¶ The >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'5 class has the following public methods: >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'1(format_string, *args, **kwargs)¶ The primary API method. It takes a format string and an arbitrary set of positional and keyword arguments. It is just a wrapper that calls >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'2. >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'3(format_string, args, kwargs)¶ This function does the actual work of formatting. It is exposed as a separate function for cases where you want to pass in a predefined dictionary of arguments, rather than unpacking and repacking the dictionary as individual arguments using the >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'4 and >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'5 syntax. >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'2 does the work of breaking up the format string into character data and replacement fields. It calls the various methods described below. In addition, the >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'5 defines a number of methods that are intended to be replaced by subclasses: >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'8(format_string)¶ Loop over the format_string and return an iterable of tuples (literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion). This is used by >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'2 to break the string into either literal text, or replacement fields. The values in the tuple conceptually represent a span of literal text followed by a single replacement field. If there is no literal text (which can happen if two replacement fields occur consecutively), then literal_text will be a zero-length string. If there is no replacement field, then the values of field_name, format_spec and conversion will be >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0. >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"1(field_name, args, kwargs)¶ Given field_name as returned by >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"2 (see above), convert it to an object to be formatted. Returns a tuple (obj, used_key). The default version takes strings of the form defined in PEP 3101, such as “0[name]” or “label.title”. args and kwargs are as passed in to >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'2. The return value used_key has the same meaning as the key parameter to >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"4. >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"5(key, args, kwargs)¶ Retrieve a given field value. The key argument will be either an integer or a string. If it is an integer, it represents the index of the positional argument in args; if it is a string, then it represents a named argument in kwargs. The args parameter is set to the list of positional arguments to >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5'2, and the kwargs parameter is set to the dictionary of keyword arguments. For compound field names, these functions are only called for the first component of the field name; Subsequent components are handled through normal attribute and indexing operations. So for example, the field expression ‘0.name’ would cause >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"4 to be called with a key argument of 0. The >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"8 attribute will be looked up after >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"4 returns by calling the built-in >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'0 function. If the index or keyword refers to an item that does not exist, then an >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'1 or >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'2 should be raised. >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'3(used_args, args, kwargs)¶ Implement checking for unused arguments if desired. The arguments to this function is the set of all argument keys that were actually referred to in the format string (integers for positional arguments, and strings for named arguments), and a reference to the args and kwargs that was passed to vformat. The set of unused args can be calculated from these parameters. >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'4 is assumed to raise an exception if the check fails. >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'5(value, format_spec)¶ >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'6 simply calls the global >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'7 built-in. The method is provided so that subclasses can override it. >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'8(value, conversion)¶ Converts the value (returned by >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'9) given a conversion type (as in the tuple returned by the >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"2 method). The default version understands ‘s’ (str), ‘r’ (repr) and ‘a’ (ascii) conversion types. 7.1.3. Format String Syntax¶The >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'4 method and the >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'5 class share the same syntax for format strings (although in the case of >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'5, subclasses can define their own format string syntax). Format strings contain “replacement fields” surrounded by curly braces "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.04. Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal text, which is copied unchanged to the output. If you need to include a brace character in the literal text, it can be escaped by doubling: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.05 and "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.06. The grammar for a replacement field is as follows: In less formal terms, the replacement field can start with a field_name that specifies the object whose value is to be formatted and inserted into the output instead of the replacement field. The field_name is optionally followed by a conversion field, which is preceded by an exclamation point "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.07, and a format_spec, which is preceded by a colon "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.08. These specify a non-default format for the replacement value. See also the Format Specification Mini-Language section. The field_name itself begins with an arg_name that is either a number or a keyword. If it’s a number, it refers to a positional argument, and if it’s a keyword, it refers to a named keyword argument. If the numerical arg_names in a format string are 0, 1, 2, … in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some) and the numbers 0, 1, 2, … will be automatically inserted in that order. Because arg_name is not quote-delimited, it is not possible to specify arbitrary dictionary keys (e.g., the strings "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.09 or "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.10) within a format string. The arg_name can be followed by any number of index or attribute expressions. An expression of the form "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.11 selects the named attribute using >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'0, while an expression of the form "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.13 does an index lookup using "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.14. Changed in version 2.7: The positional argument specifiers can be omitted for >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'4 and "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.16, so "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.17 is equivalent to "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.18, "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.19 is equivalent to "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.20. Some simple format string examples: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'. The conversion field causes a type coercion before formatting. Normally, the job of formatting a value is done by the "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.21 method of the value itself. However, in some cases it is desirable to force a type to be formatted as a string, overriding its own definition of formatting. By converting the value to a string before calling "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.21, the normal formatting logic is bypassed. Two conversion flags are currently supported: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.23 which calls "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.24 on the value, and "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.25 which calls "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.26. Some examples: "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first The format_spec field contains a specification of how the value should be presented, including such details as field width, alignment, padding, decimal precision and so on. Each value type can define its own “formatting mini-language” or interpretation of the format_spec. Most built-in types support a common formatting mini-language, which is described in the next section. A format_spec field can also include nested replacement fields within it. These nested replacement fields may contain a field name, conversion flag and format specification, but deeper nesting is not allowed. The replacement fields within the format_spec are substituted before the format_spec string is interpreted. This allows the formatting of a value to be dynamically specified. See the Format examples section for some examples. 7.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language¶“Format specifications” are used within replacement fields contained within a format string to define how individual values are presented (see Format String Syntax). They can also be passed directly to the built-in >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'7 function. Each formattable type may define how the format specification is to be interpreted. Most built-in types implement the following options for format specifications, although some of the formatting options are only supported by the numeric types. A general convention is that an empty format string ( "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.28) produces the same result as if you had called "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.24 on the value. A non-empty format string typically modifies the result. The general form of a standard format specifier is: format_spec ::= [[ If a valid align value is specified, it can be preceded by a fill character that can be any character and defaults to a space if omitted. It is not possible to use a literal curly brace (“ "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.30” or “ "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.31”) as the fill character when using the >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'4 method. However, it is possible to insert a curly brace with a nested replacement field. This limitation doesn’t affect the >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'7 function. The meaning of the various alignment options is as follows:
Note that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width will always be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the alignment option has no meaning in this case. The sign option is only valid for number types, and can be one of the following:
The "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.40 option is only valid for integers, and only for binary, octal, or hexadecimal output. If present, it specifies that the output will be prefixed by "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.41, "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.42, or "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.43, respectively. The "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.44 option signals the use of a comma for a thousands separator. For a locale aware separator, use the "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.45 integer presentation type instead. Changed in version 2.7: Added the "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.44 option (see also PEP 378). width is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not specified, then the field width will be determined by the content. When no explicit alignment is given, preceding the width field by a zero ( "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.47) character enables sign-aware zero-padding for numeric types. This is equivalent to a fill character of "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.47 with an alignment type of "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.36. The precision is a decimal number indicating how many digits should be displayed after the decimal point for a floating point value formatted with "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.50 and "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.51, or before and after the decimal point for a floating point value formatted with "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.52 or "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.53. For non-number types the field indicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many characters will be used from the field content. The precision is not allowed for integer values. Finally, the type determines how the data should be presented. The available string presentation types are:
The available integer presentation types are:
In addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formatted with the floating point presentation types listed below (except "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.45 and >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0). When doing so, "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.67 is used to convert the integer to a floating point number before formatting. The available presentation types for floating point and decimal values are:
7.1.3.2. Format examples¶This section contains examples of the >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)'4 syntax and comparison with the old "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.9-formatting. In most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.9-formatting, with the addition of the "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.04 and with "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first07 used instead of "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.9. For example, "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first09 can be translated to "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first10. The new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown in the following examples. Accessing arguments by position: >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'a, b, c' >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only 'a, b, c' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'c, b, a' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra' Accessing arguments by name: >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W') 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'} >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' Accessing arguments’ attributes: >>> c = 3-5j >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x, self.y = x, y ... def __str__(self): ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self) ... >>> str(Point(4, 2)) 'Point(4, 2)' Accessing arguments’ items: >>> coord = (3, 5) >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord) 'X: 3; Y: 5' Replacing "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first11 and "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first12: >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2" Aligning the text and specifying a width: >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********' Replacing "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first13, "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first14, and "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first15 and specifying a sign: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.0 Replacing "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first16 and "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first17 and converting the value to different bases: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.1 Using the comma as a thousands separator: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.2 Expressing a percentage: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.3 Using type-specific formatting: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.4 Nesting arguments and more complex examples: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.5 7.1.4. Template strings¶New in version 2.4. Templates provide simpler string substitutions as described in PEP 292. Instead of the normal "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.9-based substitutions, Templates support "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first19-based substitutions, using the following rules:
Any other appearance of "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first19 in the string will result in a "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first30 being raised. The "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.7 module provides a "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first32 class that implements these rules. The methods of "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first32 are:class "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first35(template)¶ The constructor takes a single argument which is the template string. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first36(mapping[, **kws])¶ Performs the template substitution, returning a new string. mapping is any dictionary-like object with keys that match the placeholders in the template. Alternatively, you can provide keyword arguments, where the keywords are the placeholders. When both mapping and kws are given and there are duplicates, the placeholders from kws take precedence. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first37(mapping[, **kws])¶ Like "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first38, except that if placeholders are missing from mapping and kws, instead of raising a >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') 'left aligned ' >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') ' right aligned' >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') ' centered ' >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********'2 exception, the original placeholder will appear in the resulting string intact. Also, unlike with "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first38, any other appearances of the "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first19 will simply return "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first19 instead of raising "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first30. While other exceptions may still occur, this method is called “safe” because it always tries to return a usable string instead of raising an exception. In another sense, "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first44 may be anything other than safe, since it will silently ignore malformed templates containing dangling delimiters, unmatched braces, or placeholders that are not valid Python identifiers. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first32 instances also provide one public data attribute: "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first46¶ This is the object passed to the constructor’s template argument. In general, you shouldn’t change it, but read-only access is not enforced. Here is an example of how to use a Template: "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.6 Advanced usage: you can derive subclasses of "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first32 to customize the placeholder syntax, delimiter character, or the entire regular expression used to parse template strings. To do this, you can override these class attributes:
Alternatively, you can provide the entire regular expression pattern by overriding the class attribute pattern. If you do this, the value must be a regular expression object with four named capturing groups. The capturing groups correspond to the rules given above, along with the invalid placeholder rule:
7.1.5. String functions¶The following functions are available to operate on string and Unicode objects. They are not available as string methods. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first53(s[, sep])¶ Split the argument into words using "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first54, capitalize each word using "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first55, and join the capitalized words using "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first56. If the optional second argument sep is absent or >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single space and leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise sep is used to split and join the words. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first59(from, to)¶ Return a translation table suitable for passing to "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first60, that will map each character in from into the character at the same position in to; from and to must have the same length. Note Don’t use strings derived from format_spec ::= [[9 and >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'a, b, c' >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 2.7+ only 'a, b, c' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') 'c, b, a' >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra'0 as arguments; in some locales, these don’t have the same length. For case conversions, always use "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first63 and "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first64. 7.1.6. Deprecated string functions¶The following list of functions are also defined as methods of string and Unicode objects; see section String Methods for more information on those. You should consider these functions as deprecated, although they will not be removed until Python 3. The functions defined in this module are: "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first66(s)¶ Deprecated since version 2.0: Use the "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.67 built-in function. Convert a string to a floating point number. The string must have the standard syntax for a floating point literal in Python, optionally preceded by a sign ( "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first68 or "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first69). Note that this behaves identical to the built-in function "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.67 when passed a string. Note When passing in a string, values for NaN and Infinity may be returned, depending on the underlying C library. The specific set of strings accepted which cause these values to be returned depends entirely on the C library and is known to vary. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first72(s[, base])¶ Deprecated since version 2.0: Use the "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first73 built-in function. Convert string s to an integer in the given base. The string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a sign ( "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first68 or "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first69). The base defaults to 10. If it is 0, a default base is chosen depending on the leading characters of the string (after stripping the sign): "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first76 or "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first77 means 16, "First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument "Bring me a {}" # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {}" # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name}" # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight}" # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]}" # First element of keyword argument 'players'.89 means 8, anything else means 10. If base is 16, a leading "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first76 or "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first77 is always accepted, though not required. This behaves identically to the built-in function "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first73 when passed a string. (Also note: for a more flexible interpretation of numeric literals, use the built-in function "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first82.) "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first84(s[, base])¶ Deprecated since version 2.0: Use the "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first85 built-in function. Convert string s to a long integer in the given base. The string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a sign ( "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first68 or "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first69). The base argument has the same meaning as for "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first88. A trailing "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first89 or "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first90 is not allowed, except if the base is 0. Note that when invoked without base or with base set to 10, this behaves identical to the built-in function "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first85 when passed a string. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first93(word)¶ Return a copy of word with only its first character capitalized. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first95(s[, tabsize])¶ Expand tabs in a string replacing them by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the given tab size. The column number is reset to zero after each newline occurring in the string. This doesn’t understand other non-printing characters or escape sequences. The tab size defaults to 8. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first97(s, sub[, start[, end]])¶ Return the lowest index in s where the substring sub is found such that sub is wholly contained in "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first98. Return "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first99 on failure. Defaults for start and end and interpretation of negative values is the same as for slices. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[01(s, sub[, start[, end]])¶ Like format_spec ::= [[02 but find the highest index. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[04(s, sub[, start[, end]])¶ Like format_spec ::= [[02 but raise "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first30 when the substring is not found. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[08(s, sub[, start[, end]])¶ Like format_spec ::= [[09 but raise "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first30 when the substring is not found. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[12(s, sub[, start[, end]])¶ Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring sub in string "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first98. Defaults for start and end and interpretation of negative values are the same as for slices. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[15(s)¶ Return a copy of s, but with upper case letters converted to lower case. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[17(s[, sep[, maxsplit]])¶ Return a list of the words of the string s. If the optional second argument sep is absent or >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, the words are separated by arbitrary strings of whitespace characters (space, tab, newline, return, formfeed). If the second argument sep is present and not >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, it specifies a string to be used as the word separator. The returned list will then have one more item than the number of non-overlapping occurrences of the separator in the string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit number of splits occur, and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element of the list (thus, the list will have at most format_spec ::= [[20 elements). If maxsplit is not specified or "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first99, then there is no limit on the number of splits (all possible splits are made). The behavior of split on an empty string depends on the value of sep. If sep is not specified, or specified as >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, the result will be an empty list. If sep is specified as any string, the result will be a list containing one element which is an empty string. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[24(s[, sep[, maxsplit]])¶ Return a list of the words of the string s, scanning s from the end. To all intents and purposes, the resulting list of words is the same as returned by format_spec ::= [[25, except when the optional third argument maxsplit is explicitly specified and nonzero. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit number of splits – the rightmost ones – occur, and the remainder of the string is returned as the first element of the list (thus, the list will have at most format_spec ::= [[20 elements). New in version 2.4. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[28(s[, sep[, maxsplit]])¶ This function behaves identically to format_spec ::= [[25. (In the past, format_spec ::= [[25 was only used with one argument, while format_spec ::= [[31 was only used with two arguments.) "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[33(words[, sep])¶ Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening occurrences of sep. The default value for sep is a single space character. It is always true that format_spec ::= [[34 equals s. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[36(words[, sep])¶ This function behaves identically to format_spec ::= [[37. (In the past, format_spec ::= [[37 was only used with one argument, while format_spec ::= [[39 was only used with two arguments.) Note that there is no format_spec ::= [[39 method on string objects; use the format_spec ::= [[37 method instead. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[43(s[, chars])¶ Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. If chars is omitted or >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, whitespace characters are removed. If given and not >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, chars must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from the beginning of the string this method is called on. Changed in version 2.2.3: The chars parameter was added. The chars parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[47(s[, chars])¶ Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. If chars is omitted or >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, whitespace characters are removed. If given and not >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, chars must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from the end of the string this method is called on. Changed in version 2.2.3: The chars parameter was added. The chars parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[51(s[, chars])¶ Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters removed. If chars is omitted or >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, whitespace characters are removed. If given and not >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, chars must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from the both ends of the string this method is called on. Changed in version 2.2.3: The chars parameter was added. The chars parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[55(s)¶ Return a copy of s, but with lower case letters converted to upper case and vice versa. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[57(s, table[, deletechars])¶ Delete all characters from s that are in deletechars (if present), and then translate the characters using table, which must be a 256-character string giving the translation for each character value, indexed by its ordinal. If table is >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"0, then only the character deletion step is performed. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[60(s)¶ Return a copy of s, but with lower case letters converted to upper case. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[62(s, width[, fillchar])¶ "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[64(s, width[, fillchar])¶ "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[66(s, width[, fillchar])¶ These functions respectively left-justify, right-justify and center a string in a field of given width. They return a string that is at least width characters wide, created by padding the string s with the character fillchar (default is a space) until the given width on the right, left or both sides. The string is never truncated. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[68(s, width)¶ Pad a numeric string s on the left with zero digits until the given width is reached. Strings starting with a sign are handled correctly. "Harold's a clever {0!s}" # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r}" # Calls repr() on the argument first1 format_spec ::= [[70(s, old, new[, maxreplace])¶ Return a copy of string s with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new. If the optional argument maxreplace is given, the first maxreplace occurrences are replaced. |
